INSTRUCTIONS 



FROM THE 



REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, 



fO THE 



SEVERAL ACADEMIES SUBJECT TO THEIR VISITATION, 



PRESCRIBING THE REQUISITES AND FORMS 



OF 



ACADEMIC REPORTS, &c. 



REVISED EDITION. 



Prepared ill obedience to an order of the Regents, pawed January 30, lb45 



ALBANY: 

PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN &. CO. 
1845. 



INSTRUCTIONS 



FROM THE 



REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, 



SEVERAL ACADEMIES SUBJECT TO THEIR VISITATION, 



PRESCRIBING THE REQUISITES AND FORMS 



OP 



y 



ACADEMIC REPORTS, &c. 










REVISED EDITION. 



Prepared in obedience to an order of the Regents, parsed January 30, 1845 





ALBANY: 

PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN &, CO. 
1845. 



LBa 



?<? 5 



■ NiA 



At a meeting of the Regents of the University, held January 30, 1845, 

Resolved, That a new edition of the Instructions be forthwith published under the 
direction of the Secretary, with such additions and amendments as maybe necessary. 

(A copy.) 

T. ROMEYN BECK, 

Secretary. 






<3 



MEMORANDUM. 



As the edition of the " Instructions" published in 1841 is exhaust- 
ed, a new one has been ordered by the Regents. And in preparing 
it for the press, I have endeavored so to arrange and condense the 
information required by academies as, I trust, to make it readily 
available. 

Two copies are sent to every academy subject to the visitation of 
the Regents ; one for the use of its principal and other teachers, and 
to be preserved in its library ; and the other for the use of its trus- 
tees, in making out their annual report, and to be kept by their secre- 
tary or treasurer, having charge of their books and papers. 

T. R. B. 

Jllba?iy, June, 1845. 



C N T E N T S . 



Page 

I. Revised Statutes of the State of New-York, relative to public instruction in 

Colleges, Academies and Select Schools, 7 

II. Of the incorporation of Academies, 17 

1,2. Laws of the State. Notes on the same, 17 

3. Form of the application for an incorporation of an academy by the Re- 

gents, 18 

4. Form of the application of an academy already incorporated, to become 

subject to the visitation of the Regents. 21 

5. Notes explanatory, 23 

6. Charter of an academy incorporated by the Regents, 24 

III. Of the Annual Reports of Academies, 25 

1. Laws of the State, 25 

2. Ordinances of the Regents relative to Annual Reports, 25 

3. Resolutions of the Regents relative to Annual Reports, 31 

4. Form of Annual Reports of Academies, 33 

Trustees' Report, 33 

Teacher's Schedule, 41 

Notes, 42 

IV. Meteorological Reports, 48 

Instructions of the Regents, 48 

V . Variation of the Magnetic Needle, 58 

Instructions of the Regents, 59 

VI. Distribution of the income of the Literature Fund, 62 

Form for obtaining the money allotted to each academy, 62 

VII. Applications for money to purchase Books and Apparatus 63 

1 . Laws of the State, 63 

2. Ordinances and Resolutions of the Regents, 63 

3. Form of an Application and Schedule, 65 

4. Form of a Draft to obtain the money granted, 66 

5. Notes, 66 

6. Recommendation of Books and Apparatus to be purchased, 67 

VIII. Delegation of the powers of the Trustees of Academies, 76 

IX. Incorporation of Colleges, 78 

X. Incorporation of Select Schools, 79 

Laws of the State, 79 

Ordinance of the Regents, 79 

APPENDIX. 

1 . Observations on various branches of Education in Academies, 80 

2. Catalogue of Academies incorporated by the Regents, 91 

3. Catalogue of Academies, &c, incorporated by the Legislature, 96 

4. Catalogue of the Regents of the University, since its incorporation,... 107 



INSTRUCTIONS, &c 



I. Revised Statutes of the State of New- York rela- 
tive to Public Instruction in Colleges, Academies, 
and Select Schools. 

[From the Second Edition, published in 1836.] 

CHAP. XV., TITLE I. 

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THIS STATE, AND OF THE FOUNDATION 
AND GOVERNMENT OF COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND SELECT 
SCHOOLS. 

ARTICLE FIRST. 

Of the Organization and Powers of the Board of Regents. 

§ 1. An University is instituted in this State, of which the govern- 
ment is, and shall continue to be, vested in a board of regents. 

§ 2. This University is incorporated under, and is and shall be 
known by, the name of " The Regents of the University of the State 
of New-York;" and by that name shall have perpetual succession, 
power to sue and be sued, to make and use a common seal and alter 
tHe same at pleasure, to hold property, real and personal, to the 
amount of the annual income of forty thousand bushels of wheat, and 
to buy and sell, and otherwise dispose of, lands and chattels. 

§ 3. The regents are twenty-one in number, including the governor 
and lieutenant-governor, who are members of the board by virtue of 
their offices. 

§ 4. With the exception of the governor and lieutenant-governor, 
the Regents are appointed by the legislature, and may be removed by 
a concurrent resolution of the Senate and Assembly. 

§ 5. All vacancies happening in the offices of those so appointed, 
shall be supplied by the legislature, in the manner in which the State 
officers are directed to be appointed, in the fifth chapter of this act. 

§ 6. The officers of this corporation are a chancellor, vice-chan- 
cellor, a treasurer and a secretary, all of whom are chosen by the re- 
gents, by ballot ; a plurality of votes being sufficient to a choice. 
They hold their respective offices during the pleasure of the board. 



8 

§ 7. The Chancellor, and if he shall be absent, the Vice-chancellor, 
and if both be absent, the senior Regent in the order of appointment, 
shall preside at all meetings of the Regents, and have a casting vote 
in case of a division. 

§ 8. There shall be an annual meeting of the Regents on the eve- 
ning of the second Thursday in January, in every year, at the Senate 
Chamber in the Capitol. 

§ 9. All meetings, except adjourned meetings, shall be held at such 
time and place as the Chancellor, or in case his office be vacant, or he 
be absent from the State, the Vice-chancellor, or if he be also absent, 
or the offices of both be vacant, the senior Regent in the State, shall 
appoint. 

§ 10. Eight Regents attending, shall be a board for the transaction 
of business ; and the Regents present, whether a quorum or otherwise, 
shall have power to adjourn from time to time, not exceeding ten 
days at a time. 

§ 11. A meeting shall be ordered and called by the officer autho- 
rized to appoint the same, as often as three Regents, in writing, so re- 
.quest : and the order shall be published in the State paper at least ten 
days prior to the meeting. 

^ 12. The treasurer shall keep an account of all moneys by him 
received and paid out. 

§ 13. The secretary shall keep a journal of the proceedings of the 
Regents, in which the ayes and noes on all questions shall be entered, 
if requested by any one of the Regents present. 

^ 14. Each Regent may always have access to, and be permitted 
to take copies of, all the books and papers of the corporation. 

§ 15. The Regents are authorized and required, by themselves, or 
their committees, to visit and inspect all the colleges and academies 
in this State, examine into the condition and system of education and 
discipline therein, and make an annual report of the state of the same 
to the legislature. 

§ 16. The Regents shall have power to make such by-laws and or- 
dinances, as they shall judge most expedient, for the accomplishment 
of the trust reposed in them. 

§ 17. Grants made to the Regents for certain uses and purposes, 
shall not be applied, either wholly or in part, to any other uses. 

§ 18. The Regents shall have the right of conferring, by diploma, 
under their common seal, on any person whom they may judge wor- 
thy thereof, such degrees, above that of master of arts, as are known 
to, and usually granted by, any college or university in Europe. 

§ 19. A degree of doctor of medicine, granted by the Regents, shall 
authorize the person on whom it is conferred, to practise physic and 
surgery within this State. 

§ 20. In case the trustees of any college shall leave the office of 
president of the collegr, or the trustees of any academy shall leave 
the office of principal of the academy, vacant, for the space of one 
year, the Regents shall fill up such vacancy, unless a reasonable cause 
shall be assigned for such delay, to their satisfaction. 

§ 21. The person so appointed, shall continue in office during the 



pleasure of the Regents, and shall have the same powers, and the 
same salary, emoluments and privileges, as his next immediate pre- 
decessor in office enjoyed. 

§ 22. If such president or principal had no immediate predecessor 
in office, he shall have such salary as the Regents shall direct, to be 
paid by the trustees out of the funds or property of their college or 
academy. 

§ 23. The Regents shall have the control of the whole income aris- 
ing from the Literature Fund, and shall annually divide such income 
into eight equal parts, and assign one part thereof to each Senate dis- 
trict. They shall annually distribute the part so assigned to each 
district, among such of the incorporated seminaries of learning, ex- 
clusive of colleges, within such district, as are now subject, or shall 
become subject, to their visitation, by a valid corporate act. 

§ 24. Every such distribution shall be made in proportion to the 
number of pupils in each seminary, who, for four months during the 
preceding year, shall have pursued therein, classical studies, or the 
higher branches of English education, or both. 

§ 25. No pupil in any such seminary, shall be deemed to have 
pursued classical studies, unless he shall have advanced at least, so 
far as to have read in Latin, the first book of the ^Eneid ; nor to have 
pursued the higher branches of English education, unless he shall 
have advanced beyond such knowledge of arithmetic, (including vul- 
gar and decimal fractions,) and of English grammar and geography, 
as is usually obtained in common schools. 

§ 26. There shall be twelve thousand dollars of the revenues of 
the Literature Fund annually distributed by the Regents of the Uni- 
versity, to the academies and schools which now are or hereafter may 
be subject to the visitation of the Regents, in the manner now pro- 
vided by law ; which moneys shall be exclusively appropriated and 
expended by the trustees of such academies and schools lespectively, 
towards paying the salaries of tutors. 

§ 27. Any portion of the excess of the Literature Fund over the 
sum of twelve thousand dollars, may, in the discretion of the Regents, 
be assigned to any academy or school subject to their visitation, and 
subject to such rules and regulations as they may prescribe, for the 
purchase of text-books, maps, and globes, or philosophical or chemi- 
cal apparatus ; such sum shall not exceed two hundred and fifty dol- 
lars in any one year. But no part of the said excess shall be actually 
paid over, unless the trustees of the academy or school to which it is 
to be appropriated shall raise and apply an equal sum of money to 
the same object. 

§ 28. The revenue of the Literature Fund now in the treasury, and 
the excess of the annual revenue of said fund, hereafter to be paid 
into the treasury, over the sum of twelve thousand dollars, or portions 
thereof, may be distributed by the Regents of the University, if they 
shall deem it expedient, to the academies subject to their visitation, 
or a portion of them, to be expended as hereinafter mentioned. 

^ 29. The trustees of academies to which any distiibution of mo- 
ney shall be made by virtue of this act, shall cause the same to be 

2 



10 

expended in educating teachers of common schools, in such manner 
and under such regulations as said Regents shall prescribe. 

§ 30. The Regents of the University shall annually deliver to the 
Comptroller a schedule of the distribution of the income of the said 
Literature Fund, designating the several institutions entitled to a par- 
ticipation, and the amount awarded to each ; which schedule shall 
be delivered immediately after each annual distribution, and shall be 
authenticated by the signature of the Chancellor and Secretary of the 
said Regents of the University, and their corporate seal. 

§ 31. The Comptroller shall draw his warrant on the Treasurer in 
favor of each institution, for the sum so awarded to it, and shall di- 
rect the manner in which the same shall be receipted and drawn from 
the treasury. 

§ 32. [Sec. 26.] The Regents shall require each seminary subject 
to their visitation, to make an annual return on or before the first day 
of February, in each year, to the secretary of their board. 

§ 33. [Sec. 27. J Every such return shall be attested by the oath 
either of the principal instructor in the seminary by which it shall be 
made, or of one of the trustees thereof, and shall contain : 

1. The names and ages of all the pupils instructed in such semi- 
nary, during the preceding year, and the time that each was so in- 
structed. 

2. A particular statement of the studies pursued by each pupil, at 
the commencement of his instruction, and of his subsequent studies, 
until the date of the report, together with the books such student shall 
have studied in whole or in part, and if in part, what portion. 

3. An account or estimate of the cost or value of the library, phi- 
losophical and chemical apparatus, and mathematical and other scien- 
tific instruments, belonging to the seminary. 

4. The names of the instructors employed in the seminary, and the 
compensation paid to each. 

5. An account of the funds, income, debts and incumbrances of 
the seminary, and of the application therein., of the moneys last re- 
ceived from the Regents. 

§ 34. [Sec. 28. J The Regents shall annually, and on or before the 
first day of March, in each year, report to the Legislature an abstract 
of all the returns made to them, embracing a general view of the par- 
ticulars contained therein, and shall also state in their report, the dis- 
tribution made by them, during the preceding year, of the income of 
the Literature Fund, the names of the seminaries sharing in such dis- 
tribution, and the amount received by each. 

§ 35. [Sec. 29.] The Regents shall prescribe the forms of all re- 
turns, which they shall require from colleges and other seminaries of 
learning, subject to their visitation, and may direct such forms and 
such instructions, as from time to time, shall be given by them as vi- 
sitors, to be printed by the State printer. 

§ 36. [Sec. 30. J The expenses of such printing, and all other ne- 
cessary expenses incurred by the Regents, as a board, in the discharge 
of their official duties, shall be audited by the Comptroller, and be paid 
out of the treasury. 



II 

§ 37. The Comptroller shall annually audit and settle the accounts 
for necessary incidental expenses of the said Regents of the Univer- 
sity. 

ARTICLE SECOND. 

Of the Powers and Duties of the Trustees of Colleges. 

§ 38. [Sec. 31.] The trustees of every college to which a charter 
shall be granted by the State, shall be a corporation. 

§ 39. [Sec. 32. J The trustees shall meet upon their own adjourn- 
ment, and as often as they shall be summoned by their chairman, or 
in his absence, by the senior trustee, upon the request in writing of 
any other three trustees. 

§ 40. [Sec. 33.] Notice of the time and place of every such meet- 
ing shall be given in a newspaper printed in the county where such 
college is situate, at least six days before the meeting; and every trus- 
tee resident in such county, shall be previously notified in writing of 
the time and place of such meeting. 

§ 41. [Sec. 34. J Seniority among the trustees shall be determined 
according to the order in which they are named in the charter of the 
college ; and after all the first trustees shall become extinct, according 
to the priority of their election. 

§ 42. [Sec. 35. J The trustees shall not exceed twenty-four, nor be 
less than ten in number; and a majority of the whole number, shall 
be a quorum for the transaction of business. 

§ 43. [Sec. 36. j The trustees of every such college, besides the 
general powers and privileges of a corporation, shall have power : 

1. To elect by ballot their chairman annually. 

2. Upon the death, removal out of this State, or other vacancy in 
the office of any trustee, to elect another in his place by a majority of 
the votes of the trustees present. 

3. To declare vacant the seat of any trustee, who shall absent him- 
self from five successive meetings of the board. 

4. To take and hold, by gift, grant, or devise, any real or personal 
property, the yearly income or revenue of which, shall not exceed the 
value of twenty-five thousand dollars. 

5. To sell, mortgage, let and otherwise use and dispose of such 
property, in such manner, as they shall deem most conducive to the 
interest of the college. 

6. To direct and prescribe the course of study and discipline to be 
observed in the college. 

7. To appoint a president of the college, who shall hold his office 
during good behavior. 

8. To appoint such professors, trustees and other officers, as they 
shall deem necessary, who, unless employed under a special contract, 
shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the trustees. 

9. To remove or suspend from office the president and every pro- 
fessor, tutor, or other officer employed under a special contract, upon 
a complaint in writing by any member of the board of trustees, stat- 
ing the misbehavior in office, incapacity, or immoral conduct of the 



12 

person sought to be removed, and upon examination and due proof of 
the truth of such complaint ; and to appoint any other person in place 
of the president or other officer, thus removed or suspended. 

10. To grant such literary honors as are usually granted by any 
university, college, or seminary of learning in the United States; and 
in testimony thereof to give suitable diplomas, under their seal and 
the signature of such officers of the college as they shall deem expe- 
dient. 

11. To ascertain and fix the salaries of the president, professors, 
and other officers of the college. 

12. To make all ordinances and by-laws necessary and proper to 
carry into effect the preceding powers. 

§ 44. [Sec. 37. j Every diploma granted by such trustees, shall en- 
title the possessor to all the immunities which by usage or statute are 
allowed to possessors of similar diplomas granted by any university,, 
college or seminary of learning in the United States. 

ARTICLE. THIRD. 

Of the Foundation of Academies. 

§ 45. [Sec. 38.] The founders and benefactors of any academy, or 
as many of them as shall have contributed more than one-half in 
value of the property collected for the use thereof, may make to 
the Regents an application in writing under their hands, requesting 
that such academy may be incorporated, nominating the first trus- 
tees, and specifying the name by which the corporation is to be 
called. 

§ 46. [Sec. 39.J In case the Regents shall approve thereof, they 
shall, by an instrument under their common seal, declare their ap- 
probation of the incorporation of the trustees of such academy, by 
the name specified in such application ; and the request, and instru- 
ment of approbation, shall be recorded in the office of the Secretary 
of State. 

^*4§ 47. [Sec. 40.] Immediately after recording the same, the proper- 
ty and funds of such academy, shall be vested in the trustees so no~ 
minated, for the use and benefit of the academy. 

ARTICLE FOURTH. 

Of the Powers and Duties of Trustees of Academies. 

§ 48. [Sec. 41.] The trustees of every such academy shall be a 
corporation, by the name expressed in the instrument of approbation ; 
they shall not be more than twenty-four, nor less than twelve, in 
number, and seven trustees of any academy shall be a quorum for the 
transaction of business. 

§ 49. [Sec. 42.] Such trustees, besides the general powers and pri- 
vileges of a corporation, shall have authority, 

1. To adjourn from time to time, as they may deem expedient. 

2. To elect by ballot their president, who shall hold his office for 
one year, and until another be chosen in his place. 



13 

3. Upon the death, resignation, refusal to act, removal out of this 
State, or other vacancy in the office of any trustee, to elect another 
in his place, by a majority of the votes of the trustees present. 

4. To take and hold by gift, grant, or devise, any real or personal 
property, the clear yearly income or revenue of which shall not ex- 
ceed the value of four thousand dollars. 

5. To sell, mortgage, let, or otherwise use and dispose of such pro- 
perty for the benefit of the academy. 

6. To direct and prescribe the course of discipline and study in the 
academy. 

7. To appoint a treasurer, clerk, principal, masters, tutors, and 
other necessary officers of the academy ; who unless employed under 
a special contract, shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the 
trustees. 

8. To ascertain and fix the salaries of all the officers of the aca- 
demy. 

9. To remove or suspend from office any officer employed under a 
special contract, upon a complaint in writing by a trustee, of the 
misbehavior in office, incapacity, or immoral conduct of such officer, 
and upon examination and due proof of the truth of such complaint, 
and to appoint another person in the place of such officer so removed 
or suspended. 

10. To make all ordinances and by-laws necessary and proper to 
carry into effect the preceding powers. 

§ 50. [Sec. 43.] The trustees shall meet upon their own adjourn- 
ment, and as often as they shall be summoned by their president, or 
the senior trustee actually exercising his office, and residing within 
three miles of such academy, upon the request in writing of any other 
three trustees. 

§ 51. [Sec. 44.] Every meeting so requested, shall be held at such 
time and place as the president or senior trustee shall appoint, not 
less than five, nor more than twelve days from the time of the re- 
quest. 

§ 52. [Sec. 45.] Previous notice in writing of every such meeting 
shall be affixed on the door of the academy, within two days after its 
appointment; and at every meeting, adjourned or special, the presi- 
dent, or senior trustee present, shall preside. 

§ 53. [Sec. 46.] The seniority of the trustees shall always be de- 
termined according to the order of their nomination in the written ap- 
plication to the Regents ; and after all the first trustees shall become 
extinct, according to the priority of their election. 

§ 54. [Sec. 47. J If a trustee shall refuse or neglect to attend any 
two successive legal meetings of the trustees, after having been per- 
sonally notified to attend, and if no satisfactory cause of his non- 
attendance be shown, the trustees may declare his office vacant. 

§ 55. If any trustee of an academy, shall, for one year, refuse, or 
neglect to attend the legal meetings of the board of trustees of which 
he is a member, such non-attendance shall be deemed a resignation 
of the office of such trustee. 

§ 56. [Sec. 48.] Where the number of trustees of any academy 



14 

shall exceed twelve, the trustees thereof, at their annual meeting, may 
reduce the number of the original board of trustees to any number 
not less than twelve, by abolishing the offices of those who may omit 
to attend such meeting, and shall have omitted to attend two other 
legal meetings after notice. 

§ 57. Where the number of trustees of any academy shall exceed 
twelve, and a vacancy shall happen in the office of any such trustees, 
and the vacancy shall not be filled by the election of another trustee 
within six months after the happening of such vacancy, the office of 
the trustee so becoming vacant shall be abolished. 

ARTICLE FIFTH. 

General Provisions applicable to Colleges and Academies. 

§ 58. [Sec. 49.] No religious qualification or test shall be required 
from any trustee, president, principal, or other officer of any incorpo- 
rated college or academy, or as a condition for admission to any pri- 
vilege in the same. 

§ 59. [Sec. 50.] No professor or tutor of any incorporated college 
or academy, shall be a trustee of such college or academy. 

§ 60. [Sec. 51.] No president of any such college, or principal of 
any such academy, who shall be a trustee, shall have a vote in any 
case relating to his own salary or emoluments. 

§ 61. [Sec. 52.] No president, principal, or other officer of any 
such college or academy, shall be a Regent of the University. 

§ 62. | Sec. 53.] No trustee of a college or academy, shall act as a 
Regent of the University, and no Regent of the University shall act 
as trustee of any college or academy ; and if any such trustee shall 
be appointed a Regent, or a Regent shall be appointed a trustee, he 
shall elect in which office he will serve, and give notice of such elec- 
tion to the authority by which he shall be appointed, within sixty 
days from the time of his appointment, otherwise such appointment 
shall be void. 

§ 62. [Sec. 55.] Every college and academy that shall become sub- 
ject to the visitation of the Regents, shall make such returns and re- 
ports to the Regents, in relation to the state and disposition of its pro- 
perty and funds, the number and ages of its pupils, and its system of 
instruction and discipline, as the Regents shall from time to time 
require. 

§ 64. [Sec. 56.] Nothing contained in this chapter shall be con- 
strued to alter, or in any manner affect any charter heretofore grant- 
ed by the legislature, or by the Regents of the University, to any 
college or academy. 

§ 65. Nothing in the fifty-sixth section of the first Title of Chap- 
ter fifteen, Part First of the Revised Statutes, shall be construed to 
prevent Article Fourth of said Title, from extending and applying to 
the trustees of all academies incorporated by the Regents of the Uni- 
versity prior to the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred 
and thirty. 



15 



ARTICLE SIXTH. 



Of the Foundation and Government of Lancasterian or Select 

Schools. 

§ 66. [Sec. 57. | The founders and benefactors of any school esta- 
blished or to be established for the instruction of youth, on the sys- 
tem of Lancaster or Bell, or any other system of instruction approv- 
ed by the Board of Regents, or as many of such founders as shall 
have contributed more than one-half of the property collected or ap- 
propriated for the use of such school, may make to the Regents of the 
University an application in writing, under their hands, requesting 
that such school may be incorporated, nominating the first trustees, 
and specifying the name by which the corporation is to be called. 

§ 67. [Sec. 58.] In case the Regents shall conceive a compliance 
with such request, will be conducive to the diffusion of useful know- 
ledge, they shall by an instrument under their common seal, declare 
their approbation of the incorporation of the trustees of the school, by 
the name specified in such application. 

§ 68. [Sec. 59. J The request in writing, and instrument of appro- 
bation, shall be recorded in the office of the Clerk of the county in 
which such school shall be established. 

§ 69. [Sec. 60. J Immediately after recording the same, the proper- 
ty and funds of such school, shall be vested in the trustees so nomi- 
nated, for the use and benefit of the school. 

§ 70. [Sec. 61.] The trustees of such school shall be a corporation 
by the name expressed in the instrument of approbation. 

§ 71. [Sec. 62.] The trustees of every such school, (besides the 
general powers and privileges of a corporation,) shall have authority, 

1. To elect by ballot their president, treasurer, and clerk, annu- 
ally. 

2. Upon the death, resignation, refusal to act, removal out of the 
State, or other vacancy in the office of any trustee, to elect another 
in his place. 

3. To appoint a master, assistants and other necessary officers of 
the school. 

4. To remove or suspend any of them at pleasure, and to fix their 
respective salaries or compensation. 

5. To appoint the times and places of their own regular meetings, 
and to adjourn from time to time. 

6. To take and hold any real or personal property, the clear year- 
ly income or revenue of which shall not exceed the value of four 
thousand dollars. 

7. To sell, mortgage, let, and otherwise use and dispose of, such 
property for the benefit of the school. 

8. To make all ordinances and by-laws necessary and proper to 
carry into effect the preceding powers. 

§ 72. [Sec. 63. J If any trustee shall refuse or neglect to attend 
the stated meetings of the trustees, for four meetings successively, the 
office of such trustee may be declared vacant by the trustees. 



16 

§ 73. [Sec. 64.] The trustee of any one or more common school 
districts, in any city, town, or village of this State, within which any 
incorporated Lancasterian or other select school is, or shall be estab- 
lished, with the consent of a majority of the taxable inhabitants of 
such district or districts, expressed at a meeting called for that pur- 
pose, may agree with the trustees of such incorporated school, to 
make the same a district school. 

§ 74. [Sec. 65. J Such incorporated school shall, during the conti- 
nuance of such agreement, become a district school, and be entitled 
to all the benefits and privileges, and subject to all the regulations of 
other district schools. 

§ 75. | Sec. 66.] Every school incorporated under the provisions 
of this Article, shall be subject to the control and visitation of the Re- 
gents ; and shall make such returns and reports, in relation to the 
state and disposition of its property and funds, the number and ages 
of its pupils, and its system of instruction and discipline, as the Re- 
gents shall from time to time require. 

SESSION LAWS OF 1842. 

Chap. 142. An act in relation to the Regents of the University, 
passed April 8, 1842. 

The People of the State of New-York, represented in Senate and 
Assembly, do enact as follows : 

§ 1. In addition to the number of the Regents of the University of 
the State of New-York, now prescribed by law, the Secretary of 
State of this State, for the time being, shall be a Regent by virtue of 
his office. 

§ 2. The Third Section of the first Article of Title 1, of Chap. xv. 
of the First Part of the Revised Statutes, is hereby so amended as to 
read as follows : 

" The Regents are twenty-two in number, including the Governor, 
Lieutenant-Governor, and Secretary of State, who are members of 
the Board by virtue of their offices. 

§ 3. This act shall take effect immediately. 



17 



II. Of the Incorporation of Academies. 

1. The applicants for the incorporation of an Academy should con- 
sult Article Third of the preceding Title, as printed on page 12. 

2. Extract from an Act to appropriate the income of the United 
States Deposit Fund to the purposes of education and the diffusion 
of knowledge, passed April 11th, 1838. 

§ 8. The sum of twenty-eight thousand dollars, of the income afore- 
said, shall be annually paid over, on and after the first day of January 
next, to the literature fund • which, together with the sum of twelve 
thousand dollars of the present literature fund, shall be annually distri- 
buted among the academies in the several senatorial districts by the 
Regents of the University, in the manner now provided by law : but 
no academy shall hereafter be allowed to participate in the annual dis- 
tribution of the literature fwid, until the Regents of the University 
shall be satisfied that a proper building has been erected and finished 
to furnish suitable and necessary accommodation for such school, and 
that such academy is furnished with a suitable library and philosophi- 
cal apparatus, and that a proper preceptor has been and is employed 
for the instruction of the pupils at such academy : And further, that 
the Regents shall, on being satisfied that such building, library and 
apparatus are sufficient for the purpose intended, and that the whole is 
of the value at least of twenty-five hundred dollars, permit such aca- 
demy or school to place itself under the visitation of the Regents, and 
thereafter to share in the distribution of the moneys above mentioned, or 
any other of the literature fund, in the manner now provided by law. 
The Regents of the University may also admit to such distribution, and 
to any other of the literature fund, any incorporated school, or school 
founded and governed by any literary corporation other than theological 
or medical, in which the usual academic studies are pursued, and which 
shall have been in like manner subjected to their visitation, and would 
in all other respects, were it incorporated as an academy, be entitled 
to such distribution. 

NOTES. 
Previous to the passage of the Act of the \lth of April, 1838, the following 
resolution of the Regents of the University, relative to the incorporation of 
Academies, {passed originally in 1801,) was in force. 

Resolved, That in future no academy ought to be incorporated, unless it shall 
be made to appear by satisfactory evidence to this board, that a proper building 
for the purpose hath been erected, and finished and paid for ; and that funds have 
been obtained and well secured, producing an annual nett income of at least 
$100, (increased in 1815 to $250;) and further, that there be a condition in the 
charter of incorporation, that the principal or estate producing said income 
shall never be diminished or appropriated, and that the said income shall be 

3 



18 

applied only, to the maintenance or salary of the professors or tutors of the 
academy. 

This is now of course abrogated, and the provisions of the act of April 17, 
1838, are in full and exclusive force. See section six, of an Ordinance of the Re- 
gents passed April 25, 1838, hereafter published. 

In all future applications to the Regents of the University for the incorporation 
of academies, the applicants will be required to shew property, in buildings, li- 
brary and apparatus, to the value of $2,500, without regard to other kinds of pro- 
perty, or to annual revenue. 

There are academies whose charter contains the provisions of the ordinance of • 
1801, and it has been inquired whether the investments there required, must be 
continued, under the present regulations. In answer to this, is subjoined an 
extract from a report made to the Regents on a petition of Clarkson Academy, 
by a committee of which Mr. McKown was chairman, Feb. 28, 1845, and unani- 
mously approved of by them. 

" It may perhaps be proper for the committee to add, that they are not aware 
of any obstacle to prevent the Trustees of Clarkson Academy, if they deem fit 
and are clothed with authority for that purpose, by the stockholders, to divest 
themselves of their permanent fund and yet remain under the visitation of the 
Regents, and be entitled to share in the distribution of the Literature Fund, pro- 
vided they continue to have a suitable library, building and apparatus, of the 
value of at least $ 2,500, according to the act of 1838." 

3. Form of application for an incorporation of an Academy by the 
Regents of the University. 

To the Regents of the University of the State of New-York. 

The application of the subscribers, inhabitants of &c, respect- 

fully represents. That being desirous to found an academy at 
&c, they have, for that purpose, (together with others, if the fact be 
so,) procured a suitable lot, erected a suitable building thereon, and 
supplied it with a suitable library and apparatus, for the accommoda- 
tion of such academy, as will appear by the following description : 

1 . Ground for Academy Buildings. 

The lot of ground on which the buildings of said academy stand, or 
which is to be used for its accommodation, consists of [here state the 
quantity, either in acres or parts of acres, or the number of feet in 
breadth and depth.] The lot of ground was purchased in the year 

, for $ ; or it was given lo the academy in the year 
I as the case may be. J There were then no improvements on it, [or if 
there were any, describe them ;] state the title to the ground, whether 
in perpetuity or for a term of years, and if it be subject to a ground 
rent, state amount, &c. Give a general description of all improve- 
ments, (except buildings,) made on it. After giving all such and simi- 
lar data on which estimates of value depend, state the present value 
of the ground, including fences, ornamental trees, and all other im- 
provements, except buildings. 



IB 

"2. Academy Buildings. 

The buildings erected on the ground above described, and to be used 
tor the accommodation of the academy, consist of [here describe the 
principal buildings, with their dimensions ; state when and of what ma- 
terials they were originally built, or have been since enlarged or im- 
proved ; give a general description of their internal divisions, style of 
work, fitness or convenience for use, &c, with a statement of the 
original or first cost of the buildings, and of all additions or improve- 
ments thereto, so far as the same can be ascertained. Then state their 
present condition as to their being in or out of repair, and if out of 
repair, what will be the probable cost of putting them in good repair. 
After giving all such and similar data on which estimates of value de- 
pend, state the present actual value of such buildings.] 

3. Jicademy Library. 

The following is a catalogue of all the books belonging to said pro- 
posed academy, with the original or first eost, (so far as it can be as- 
certained,) and the present value of each book, [ proceed with the cata- 
logue in the following form.] 



Title or name of books arranged according to Number of vo- 
catalogue, if any, in use. lumes. 



Original 
cost. 



Present va- 
lue. 



[Give the total of each column.] 



Give a general description of the condition of the books in the li- 
brary in respect to their being new or old, in good order or worn 
out, &c. 

4. Philosophical Apparatus. 

The following is an inventory of all the articles of philosophical or 
other apparatus at the date of this application, with the original or first 
cost, (so far as can be ascertained,) and the present value of each 
article, [here proceed with the inventory, including in it, besides 
what is strictly or technically philosophical apparatus, all instruments 
used in, or illustrative of any of the arts or sciences.] 



Description or name of each article. 


Original cost. 


Present value. 















20 

State the totals, and give a general description of the condition of 
the apparatus in respect to its being new or old, in good order or worn 
out, &c. 

5. Title to Property, Incumbrances, fyc. 

The evidences of title to the property described in the preceding 
sections of this report, have been submitted to of, &c, who 

is a counsellor at law in the supreme court, whose certificate in writing, 
as to the nature and validity of said title, accompanies this report.* 
The said property is free from all incumbrances, (if such be the case ;) 
[or if there be any incumbrances on it, state the general amount of 
them, and refer to certificate of said counsel for particulars, &c.J 

6. Other Academic Property. 

The property of the proposed academy, other than the academy lot, 
buildings, library and apparatus above described, consists of, [here 
describe the property in the most general terms, such as the follow- 
ing :] 

Bonds and mortgages, considered good, $> 

A house and lot at, &c. worth, 

100 acres of wild land, &c 

Total, $ 

7. Summary Statements. 

The total value of all the academic property above described, is as 
follows: 

Value of lot for academy buildings, $> 

Value of buildings thereon, 

Value of library, 

Value of philosophical apparatus, 

Total value of lot, buildings, library and apparatus, $ 

Deduct for incumbrances, if any, thereon, 

Balance of value over and above all incumbrances, ..... 
Add for other academic property, 

Total value of the whole, $ 



8. Debts. 

The debts contracted on account of the academy now asked to be 
incorporated, and which remain unpaid at the date of this application, 
amount to $ 

And the said subscribers further represent, that they have contri- 
buted more than one-half in value of the property collected for the 
use of said academy, as herein before set forth ; that they are desirous 
to have said academy incorporated, by the name of [here state the 

* Note. — The certificate of counsel must state that he "has caused the ordinary searches 
to be made for incumbrances." For more specific directions see ordinance of April 25, 
1838, (hereafter published) towards the conclusion of the first section. 



21 

name, which it is desirable should be descriptive of the place where 
the academy is ; j and to that end they hereby nominate the following 
named persons to be first trustees of said academy : [here insert 
names — but there cannot be more than 24 nor less than 12 trustees.] 
The said subscribers do therefore hereby make application to the 
Regents of the University for the incorporation of the persons above 
nominated as the first trustees of said academy by the name above 
specified. (Here follow the signatures of the subscribers.)* 

Authentication of Application. 

The preceding application was submitted to a meeting of the sub- 
scribers held by them on the day of at which meeting 
the following named persons were present, [state names,] and having 
been read and approved, it was duly adopted as the application of 
said meeting, and ordered (after being verified by the oath of the 
chairman or presiding officer) to be transmitted to the Regents of the 
University, pursuant to their ordinance in such case made and pro- 
vided. 

All of which is hereby done in obedience to said order this 
day of 

A. B. Chairman or Presiding Officer. 

Affidavit above referred to. 

County of ss. — A. B. being duly sworn (or affirmed, as the 

case may be,) deposeth and saith, that he was the chairman or presi- 
ding officer of the meeting, held as above stated, of contributors to 
the proposed academy, asking for an incorporation by the name of 
academy ; that he is acquainted with the contents of said ap- 
plication, and that the statement of facts therein set forth is in all 
respects true to the best of his knowledge, information and belief. 

A. B. 
Sworn before me this day of 

4. Form of the Application of an Academy already incorporated by 
the Legislature to become subject to the visitation of the Regents. 

The introductory part of the report should in this case be as fol- 
lows: 

The trustees of academy, established at respectfully re- 

present that they were incorporated by the legislature on the 
day of A. D. 18 ; that they are desirous to become subject to 

the visitation of the Regents of the University, to enable them to par- 
ticipate in the distribution of the moneys belonging to the Literature 
Fund, pursuant to the statute in such case made and provided ; and to 
that end they hereby subject the said academy to the visitation of the 
said Regents, to the same extent and in the same manner as if they 
had been originally incorporated by them ; and the said trustees here- 
with submit the following statement of the condition of their institu- 

* It has happened that the signatures of the subscribers as above, are all in the same 
handwriting '. This is manifestly incorrect, and will undoubtedly endanger the success 
of an application. 



22 

tion on the date of this application, in respect to the several subject 
matters required to be embraced in it. 

[Here adopt the form given in pages as follows:] 

1. Ground for Academy Buildings. 

The only alteration necessary is to strike out the words " to be," 
in the second line. 

2. Academy Buildings. 
The same alteration in line 1. 

3. Academy Library. 

Say, The following is a catalogue of all the books belonging to 
said Academy at the date of this report, with, &c. 

4. Philosophical Apparatus. 

Say, The following is an inventory of all the articles of philosophi- 
cal or other apparatus belonging to said Academy at the date of this 
report, with, &c. 

5. Title to Property, Incumbrances, fyc. 
Say, The evidences of title of the said Academy, to the property, 
&c. 

6. Other Academic Property. 
Say, The property of the Academy, other, &c. 

7. Summary Statements. 

8. Debts. 

The debts contracted by the academy which remained unpaid on the 
said day of &c, including all arrears of interest, (if 

any) and all outstanding or unpaid accounts acknowledged as debts, 
amounted on that day to $ (The amount of incumbrances on 

the academic property should be included in this sum.) 

Add 9. Departments. 

The departments of instruction established and in practical opera- 
tion in the academy, are [here describe the different departments, if 
there be more than one, by reference to the subjects of instruction in 
each, or to the sex of the scholars, attending it, and in all cases state 
whether male and female scholars are in the same or in different de- 
partments. J 

[Memorandum. — It will be readily understood, after the above 
directions, that all the variations in these forms are owing to the fact 
that in one case there is an application for an incorporation, and in 
the other the academy is already incorporated. It is necessary to 
use terms conformable to the respective cases, j 

10. Conclusion and Authentication of Report. 

The preceding report from academy was submitted to 

the trustees of said academy, at a meeting legally held by them on 



23 

the day of, &c. at which meeting the following named 

trustees were present, [state names,] and having been read and ap- 
proved, it was duly adopted at said meeting as the report of said 
academy, and ordered (after being verified by the oath of the presid- 
ing officer at said meeting and recorded on the minutes of its proceed- 
ings,*) to be transmitted to the Regents of the University pursuant to 
the provisions of their ordinance in such case made and provided. 

All which is hereby done in obedience to said order this 
day of, &c. 

A. B. President , or President pro tern. 

{as the case may be) 
of Academy. 

11. Affidavit above referred to. 

County of ss. — A. B. being duly sworn or affirmed (as the 

case may be 3 ) deposeth and saith, that he is one of the trustees of 
academy, (whose report to the Regents of the University immediately 
precedes this affidavit,) that he officiated as the presiding officer at the 
meeting of the trustees of said academy referred to in the concluding 
part of said report — that he is acquainted with the contents of said 
report — that said report is made in the form required by the latest 
instructions received from the Regents of the University, and that the 
statement of facts therein set forth is in all respects true according to 
the best of his knowledge, information and belief. 

A. B. 

Sworn before me this day of, &c. 

5. NOTES. 

The requirements necessary to enable an academy to participate in tne annual 
distribution of the Literature Fund, may be summed up as follows: 

1. The erection of a proper building and suitable and necessary accommoda- 
tions for the scholars. 

2. That such academy is furnished with a suitable library and philosophical 
apparatus. 

In answer to the inquiry as to what shall be deemed a suitable library and appa- 
ratus, the following; resolutions of the Regents, passed June 7, 1829, are sub- 
joined. 

Resolved, That no academy shall hereafter be allowed to participate in the 
distribution of the Literature Fund, unless it shall have, at the time of making its 
annual report next preceding every such distribution, a library of the value of 
at least $150, and a philosophical and chemical apparatus of at least the value 
of $150. 

Resolved, That if any academy, which shall not have a library and apparatus 
of the value of $150 each, shall raise by contribution from sources other than its 
corporate property, a sum equal to one-half the deficiency, [provided such defi- 
ciency exceed $100,] so as to become entitled to an equal amount from the Lite- 
rature Fund, such academy'shall be deemed to have complied with the fore- 
going resolution. 

* It is proper to have the trustees' part of every report entered on their minutes — as it is 
an important part of their proceedings, and a record or copy of it will be required for re- 
ference in making future reports. 



24 

Is it absolutely necessary, when the incorporation of an academy is asked for 
that said academy should have a library and apparatus respectively of the value 
of $150 ? 

In answer to this, the Regents have made the following decisions. 

A. That the mere subscription of three hundred dollars for the purchase of a 
library and apparatus is not a sufficient compliance with the law. [Minutes of 
February 16, 1841.] 

B. That there must be some articles of each actually purchased, before they 
will incorporate an academy. [Minutes of April 18, 1845.] 

C . That they will not insist upon, although they prefer a lrbrary and apparatus 
to the full amount specified above, as preliminary to the incorporarion of an 
academy ; it being understood that said academy cannot receive any portion of 
the income of the Literature Fund, until it reports a library and apparatus of the 

full value* — Ibid. 

3. That a proper preceptor has been and is employed for the instruction of the 
pupils of such academy. 

4. That said building, library and apparatus are sufficient for the purpose in- 
tended, and the whole is of the value of at least twenty-five hundred dollars, f 

5. It may happen, that an incorporated academy, applying to become subject 
to the visitation of the Regents, is at the date of that application prepared to 
show that it has instructed students in classical studies, or students in the higher 
branches of English education for four months, so as to entitle it to a distributive 
share of the Literature Fund. Should this be desired, it will be proper to send 
another report, according to the form hereafter given for annual reports ; but it 
will not be necessary to repeat a second time the subjects already noticed in the 
application, except by referring to them. The other heads should be filled up, 
and the teacher's report annexed, as hereafter directed. 

6. Charter of an Academy incorporated by the Regents. 

The charter is prepared and executed by the officers of the Regents of the 
University. It is then forwarded to the office of the Secretary of State, in order 
that both it and the application on winch it was granted, may be recorded. This 
is always done within a reasonable time after the charter has passed, and appli- 
cation should accordingly be made directly to the Secretary's office for it. 

Fees are required to be paid for recording the above instruments — generally 
from $3.00 to $5.00. 



* A list of books and apparatus recommended by the Regents to be purchased, will be 
found in subsequent pages. 

| It must be understood, although the value of the academy building alone is $2,500, and 
even upwards, yet the academy is still required to provide itself with a library and appa- 
ratus, to the amount above stated. 



III. Of the Annual Reports of Academies. 

1. Laws of the State. 

[See Title 1, Article 1, Sections 23 to 35 inclusive, as printed on pages 9, 10. 

2. Ordinances of the Regents of the University. 

Ordinance of the Regents of the University, defining Classical Stu- 
dies and the Higher Branches of English Education pursued in 
Academies, and prescribing the requisites and forms of their Annual 
Reports, passed March 18, 1828. 

[ This ordinance is somewhat modified by the succeeding one, of 
April, 1838, particularly in respect to the description and value of 
academic property, and the requisites and forms of academic reports, 
but both should be consulted when any doubts occur.J 

The Regents of the University, desirous to establish a more eleva- 
ted course of instruction in the academies subject to their visitation, 
by defining with greater certainty the various branches of study which 
shall entitle the institution in which they are pursued to a distribu- 
tive share of the income of the literature fund, do ordain and declare 
as follows: 

The distribution of the income of said fund shall be made to each 
of said academies, in proportion to its number of scholars in the 
classics, and in the higher branches of English education, or both, 
under the following resirictions: 

1. No students, in any such academy, shall be considered classical 
scholars, within the meaning of this ordinance, until they shall have 
studied in such academy, or elsewhere, so much of the common ele- 
mentary prose authors, in Latin, as is equal to one-half of Corderius 
one-half of Historia Sacra, one-third of Viri Roma?, and two books 
of Csesar's Commentaries ; and in addition thereto, shall have read 
the first book of the iEneid of Virgil. 

2. No students, in any such academy, shall be considered scholars 
in the higher branches of English education, within the meaning of 
this ordinance, until they shall, on examination duly made, be found 
to have attained to such proficiency in the arts of reading and writing 
and to have acquired such knowledge of the elementary rules or ope- 
rations of arithmetic, commonly called notation, addition, subtraction 
multiplication and division, as well in their compound as in their sim- 
ple forms, and as well in vulgar and decimal fractions as in whole 
numbers, together with such knowledge of the parts of arithmetic 
commonly called reduction, practice, the single rule of three direct 
and simple interest, as is usually acquired in the medium or average 
grade of common schools in this State ; and until they shall also on 
such examination, be found to have studied so much of Eno-Hsh gram- 
mar as to be able to parse correctly any common prose sentence in the 

4 



26 

English language, and to render into good English the common exam- 
ples of bad grammar given in Murray's or some other like grammati- 
cal exercises ; and shall also have studied, in the ordinary way, some 
book or treatise on geography, equal in extent to the duodecimo 
edition of Morse's, Cummings', Woodbridge's or Willett's geogra- 
phy, as now in ordinary use. 

3. No such classical students shall entitle the institution to which 
they belong, to any share of the income of said fund, unless it shall 
appear from the annual report of such institution, that they have pur- 
sued therein, for the space of four months or upwards of the year 
ending on the date of such report, the studies herein before declared to 
be preliminary to Virgil, together with the first book of the iEneid of 
Virgil, or other studies in the classics (either in Latin or Greek) usu- 
ally pursued subsequent to the first book of the said iEneid ; or shall, 
for a part of said period, have so pursued the said studies, or some of 
them, (including the said first book of the iEneid, or some of the 
said studies subsequent thereto,) and for the residue of said period, 
shall have pursued the higher branches of English education, after 
they shall have become scholars therein as herein before defined. 

4. No such scholars in the higher branches of English education, 
shall entitle the institution to which they belong to any share of said 
fund, unless it shall appear from the annual report of said institu- 
tion, that they, after becoming such scholars, have pursued therein 
said higher branches of education, or some of them, for the space of 
four months or upwards of the year ending on the date of such re- 
port. 

5. All students belonging to any academy, and claimed by it to be 
classical scholars, or scholars in the higher branches of English edu- 
cation, or both, shall be exercised at convenient and ordinary inter- 
vals, in composition and declamation in the English language. 

The Regents of the University being desirous to consolidate into 
one the various ordinances heretofore adopted by them, prescribing 
the requisites and forms of the annual reports of academies, do fur- 
ther ordain and declare as follows : 

Every academy subject to the visitation of the Regents of the Uni- 
versity, and claiming a distributive share of the income of the lite- 
rature fund, shall annually, on or before the first day of February, 
make and transmit to the Regents, (so that the same be received by 
their secretary on or before that day,) a report in writing, exhibiting 
a full view of its state and condition, at the time referred to in its re- 
port, in respect to the following particulars, viz: 

Value of its academy lot and building : 

Value of its other real estate : 

Value of its library and philosophical apparatus: 

Value of its other personal estate : 

Its tuition money received or accrued, for the year ending on the 
date of the report : 

Interest or income of its permanent funds, received or accrued du- 
ring said year : 

Amount of its debts remaining unpaid : 



27 

Amount of money received by it from the Regents of the Univer- 
sity since its last annual report, and how the same has been expended: 

Number and names of its teachers, and the annual salary or com- 
pensation allowed to each : 

Whole number of students, including classical and all others, be- 
longing to the academy on the date of its report : 

Number of students belonging to the academy on the date of its 
report, or who belonged to it during part of the year ending on the 
date of its report, and who are claimed by the trustees to have pur- 
sued for four months of said year, or upwards, classical studies, or the 
higher branches of English education, or both, according to the true 
intent and meaning of the foregoing ordinance. 

The said report shall also contain, or have appended or annexed to 
it, a true catalogue or list of all the students belonging to the acade- 
my at the date of its report, or during part of the year ending on 
the date of its report, who are claimed by its trustees to be such clas- 
sical scholars, or such scholars in the higher branches of English edu- 
cation or both, and to have pursued their studies for such length of 
time as to entitle them (or the academy to which they belong) to a 
distributive share of the income of the literature fund, according to 
the true intent and meaning of the foregoing ordinance of the Re- 
gents ; in which said catalogue or list shall be inserted the name and 
age of each student claimed to be such scholar as aforesaid, together 
with a specification of the different studies pursued by such student, 
and the length of time the same were pursued in each quarter or term 
of the year ending on the date of said report, by recitations of ordi- 
nary frequency and in the ordinary way, designating said studies by 
the ordinary name or title of the book or treatise on the subject so 
studied, and designating also the part or portion of the book or treatise 
so studied ; and the said catalogue or list shall also contain a declaration 
or certificate that all the students therein named, and claimed to be 
scholars in the higher branches of English education, had been found, 
on due examination, to have pursued all the studies, and acquired all 
the knowledge, required by the foregoing ordinance, as preliminary 
requisites to their becoming such scholars ; and that the ordinance of 
the Regents, in respect to exercises in composition and declamation, 
had been complied with. 

Every academy supplied by the Regents with a thermometer and 
rain-gage, shall, together with its annual report, make and transmit to 
the Regents a return or table (of the form heretofore prescribed) of 
the meteorological observations made with such thermometer and rain- 
gage during the year ending on the date of said report. 

Every such report shall be made with reference (as near as may be) 
to the close of the year to which it relates : and the same shall be 
verified by the oath of the principal, or one of the trustees of the 
academy. 

The secretary shall prepare and distribute to the several academies 
subject to the visitation of the Regents, suitable forms for the annual 
reports required by this ordinance to be made by said academies, to- 
gether with a copy of this ordinance, and such instructions for filling 
up the blanks in said forms as shall be considered necessary or proper. 



28 

An ordinance relating to the requisites and forms of Academic Reports 
and prescribing the conditions on which Academies may be incorpo- 
rated by the Regents of the University ', passed April 25, 1838. 

[The following is the most important ordinance now in force, on 
the subject of academic reports, particularly in reference to that part 
which is required to be made by trustees.] 

Whereas, by an act of the Legislature of the State of New- York 
entitled " An act to appropriate the income of the United States de- 
posit fund to the purposes of education and the diffusion of know- 
ledge," passed April 17, 1838, it is among other things provided, that 
the sum of twenty-eight thousand dollars of the moneys therein men- 
tioned shall be annually paid over, on and after the first day of Janu- 
ary next, to the literature fund, which, together with the sum of 
twelve thousand dollars of the present literature fund, shall be annu- 
ally distributed among the academies in the several senatorial districts 
by the Regents of the University, in the manner now provided by 
law. But that no academy shall hereafter be allowed to participate 
in the annual distribution of the literature fund, until the Regents of 
the University shall be satisfied that a proper building has been erected 
and finished to furnish suitable and necessary accommodation for such 
school, and that such academy is furnished with a suitable library and 
philosophical apparatus, and that a proper preceptor has been and is 
employed for the instruction of the pupils at such academy. And 
further, that the Regents shall, on being satisfied that such building, 
library and apparatus are sufficient for the purposes intended, and that 
the whole is of the value at least of twenty-five hundred dollars, per- 
mit such academy or school to place itself under the visitation of the 
Regents, and thereafter to share in the distribution of the moneys 
above mentioned, or any other of the literature fund, in the manner 
now provided by law. 

And whereas, for the better information of the academies which do, 
or may, claim the benefits of the said act, it is proper for the Regents 
to declare, in the form of a public ordinance, what will be necessary 
to satisfy them that the buildings, library and apparatus of such 
academies are of the description and value required by said act to en- 
title them to distributive shares of the moneys therein directed to be 
distributed. 

Be it therefore ordained by the Regents of the University of the 
State of New-York, that every academy, already subject to their 
visitation, and claiming a distributive share of said moneys, shall in 
its next annual report, and every other academy or academic institu- 
tion not already subject to such visitation, but which shall hereafter 
make application to become subject thereto, shall in its first applica- 
tion made for that purpose, set forth with all practicable precision, 
and in such form as shall be prescribed by the Regents, a particular 
statement showing, 



29 

1st. The extent, general description, title, and value of the ground 
on which their academy edifice shall be erected, or which shall be 
used for its accommodation at the time of making such report or ap- 
plication. 

2d. The dimensions, general description, and value of the buildings 
erected on such ground for the use or accommodation of such academy, 
at the time last aforesaid. 

3d. An inventory, or cataloge of all the books and articles of phi- 
losophical or other apparatus belonging to such academy, with a just 
and fair estimate of their value, at the time last above referred to. 

4th. A particular statement of all incumbrances on such academic 
property, or on any part thereof, at the time last above mentioned — it 
being the intention of the Regents to require every academy subject to 
their visitation, to own and possess such property to the value of at 
least two thousand five hundred dollars, over and above all incum- 
brances thereon, as a condition on which such academy will be allow- 
ed to receive a distributive share of the moneys belonging to the Lite- 
rature Fund. 

And to the end that the Regents may be the better enabled to as- 
certain the true value of such academic grounds, buildings and appa- 
ratus, at the time of making such report or application, the said state- 
ment shall also set forth and show, when and how the title to such 
grcund, library and apparatus was first acquired, and if acquired by 
purchase, what the original or first cost thereof was ; also, when such 
buildings were erected, enlarged, or otherwise improved, of what ma- 
terials they are constructed, with the original or first cost of such 
buildings or improvements ; also, the state or condition of such aca- 
demic property, at the time of making such report or application, in 
respect to its repair or fitness for use ; and if the same be not in good 
repair, wherein, and how long it has been out of repair, and the pro- 
bable cost of putting it in good repair, together with such other mat- 
ters as may be found to influence in any respect the value of such 
property. That it shall be the duty of the trustees of every such 
academy, previous to making their first report or application required 
by this ordinance, to submit the evidences of their title to the ground 
occupied for their academic buildings, to some person of the degree 
of counsellor at law in the supreme court, for his examination and 
to obtain from him a certificate in writing, stating his examination of 
the title submitted to him, with his opinion as to the nature and va- 
lidity of such title, and stating, also, that he has caused the ordinary 
searches to be made for incumbrances on such property, with the re- 
sult of such searches ; which said certificate shall be transmitted by 
the said trustees, together with their said first report or application, to 
the said Regents. 

§ 2. And be it further ordained, that the trustees of every such aca- 
demy in every subsequent report to be made by them to the Regents, 
after the said first report or application required by this ordinance, shall 
either make and transmit a full statement of all the academic property 
then belonging to them in the manner required by the first section of 
this ordinance, or in lieu thereof, state whether such property remains 



30 

in all respects the same as at the time of making any previous state- 
ment thereof, to be particularly referred to by them, or whether the 
same has been increased or diminished in quantity, enhanced or depre- 
ciated in value, and to what extent, or has in any other and what re- 
spect, undergone any and what change, since the time of making such 
previous statement — showing in all cases the true value of such pro- 
perty at the time of making such subsequent report as aforesaid ; and 
it is hereby made the duty of the trustees of every such academy, at 
some time during the year ending on the date of every such report, to 
cause all the books and articles of apparatus then actually possessed by 
them, to be compared with the original catalogues or inventories there- 
of, (to be always preserved for that purpose,) to ascertain whether any 
of their books or articles of apparatus shall have been lost, destroyed 
or damaged beyond the ordinary wear and tear thereof from necessary 
use, and to state in every such report whether such duty has been dis- 
charged, and whether any, and if any, what part of their books and 
apparatus shall on such comparison be found to have been lost, destroy- 
ed or damaged as aforesaid, and through whose act, omission or ne- 
glect such loss or damage shall have happened. 

§ 3. The Regents being required, by the act of the Legislature above 
referred to, to determine " Whether a proper preceptor has been and 
is employed for the instruction of the pupils at every academy''' claim- 
ing a distributive share of the moneys mentioned in said act : Be it 
therefore, (in order to enable the Regents to discharge said duty) fur- 
ther ordained, that the trustees of every academy, subject to the pro- 
visions of this ordinance, shall in their first, as well as in every other 
future report to be made by them, state the name of every preceptor 
employed by them in their academy, for the year, or any part of the 
year, ending on the date of such report — the age of such preceptor, 
the time he has been engaged in the business of teaching, the general 
course of study pursued by him preparatory to his becoming a teacher, 
and whether he pursues the business of teaching as a permanent pro- 
fession, or only as a temporary occupation. 

§ 4. And be it further ordained, that all reports or applications to 
the Regents, with all statements made in pursuance of this ordinance, 
and all future reports from any academies required to be made by the 
ordinance of the Regents of the 18th of March 1828, as well as all 
other communications purporting to proceed from any academy, or 
from its trustees, as a corporate body, shall be submitted to the trus- 
tees of such academy at some stated or special meeting, legally held, 
at which a legal quorum shall be present ; and the same shall not be 
considered as a valid act or proceeding of such academy, until it be 
approved and adopted as such at such meeting, and be so declared to 
be in its concluding or some other convenient part thereof. And 
when the same shall be so approved and adopted, and so declared to 
be, it shall, in order to secure satisfactory evidence thereof, be verified 
by the oath or affirmation of the president or other trustee who shall 
preside at such meeting, to be taken before some person authorized 
by law to administer oaths. 

§5. It being provided by the act of the Legislature before referred 



31 

to, that the Regents of the University may, in their discretion, admit 
to a participation in the distribution of the said public moneys, any 
incorporated school, or school founded and governed by any literary 
corporation other than theological or medical, in which the usual 
academic studies are pursued, and which shall have been in like man- 
ner subjected to their visitation, and would in all other respects, were 
it incorporated as an academy, be entitled to such distribution ; it is 
therefore further ordained and declared, that all incorporated schools, 
or schools founded by literary corporations, which shall claim the 
benefit of the provision above referred to, be required, in their appli- 
cation for such benefit, to set forth and show the particular grounds 
on which their claim thereto is founded, together with a general state- 
ment of their condition as to accommodations for instruction, course 
of studies pursued, and funds possessed by them ; and that they also 
be required to make and transmit, with every such application to the 
Regents the same report in respect to the names, ages and studies 
of the students claimed by them to be classical students, or students 
in the higher branches of English education, or both, as academies 
subject to the visitation of the Regents are now, or shall hereafter be, 
required to make, in relation to the same subject matters. 

§6. And whereas the Legislature, by providing in their act above 
referred to, that any academy may subject itself to the visitation of 
the Regents, and become entitled to participate in the distribution of 
the public money, on its showing to the satisfaction of the Regents, 
that it is possessed of suitable academic grounds, buildings, library, 
and apparatus of the value of $2,500, have thereby established a rule, 
or prescribed a condition, for the admission of academies to the enjoy- 
ment of the public bounty, different from that heretofore established 
or prescribed by the Regents ; 

And whereas the conditions on which academies may be incorpo- 
rated, so as to become entitled to distributive shares of the public 
money, ought in the judgment of the Regents to be the same, whether 
the application for such incorporation be made to them or to the Le- 
gislature ; 

Be it therefore further ordained, that all ordinances heretofore 
adopted by the Regents, on the subject of the incorporation of acade- 
mies, be so modified in respect to the kind and value of property re- 
quired to be possessed by the applicants for such incorporation, as to 
conform in that respect to the requirements of the statute above refer- 
red to. 

3. Resolutions of the Regents of the University relative to the Annual 

Reports of the Academies. 

1. February 26, 1834. — Resolved^ That no students belonging to 
any academy shall hereafter be considered classical scholars, or scho- 
lars in the higher branches of English education, or both, so as to en- 
title the academy to which they belong, to any share of the income 
of the Literature Fund on their account, unless such students be of 
the age of ten years or upwards, at the time of making out the report 
in which they are claimed to be classical scholars, &c. 



32 

April 11, 1843.- — That the ages of the students claimed as classical 
scholars, &c, be added up at the foot of each page of the schedule. 

April 11, 1843. — That the section in the annual report containing 
the number of scholars claimed to be classical scholars, &c, do also 
designate how many of the same are males, and how many females, 
or as the truth may be. 

April 11, 1843. — That the authentication of the report be amended, 
by requiring the trustees to affirm that a legal quorum of said board 
was present at the adoption of the report. 

Feb. 27, 1844. — That the academies return annually the number 
of pupils that are taught during the whole or any part of the aca- 
demic year for which they report. 

June 1, 1844. — That the affidavit, now required from the presiding 
officer of the board of trustees, and immediately following the an- 
nual report, be hereafter in the ensuing words. 

A. B. being duly sworn, (or affirmed, as the case may be,) de- 
poseth and saith, that he is one of the trustees of academy, 

(whose annual report to the Regents of the University immediately 
precedes this affidavit) that he officiated as the presiding officer at the 
meeting of the trustees of said academy referred to in the concluding 
part of the said report, and that the schedule hereunto annexed of 
the names ages and studies of the students claimed, as stated therein, 
was submitted to the trustees at said meeting, and is believed by them 
to be correct, that said report, in all its parts, is made in the form 
required by the latest instructions received from the Regents of the 
University, and that the statements of facts therein set forth, are in 
all respects true according to the best of his knowledge, information 
and belief. 

Sworn before me, &c. 

An infringement of the following ordinance may deprive the acade- 
my of its annual apportionment. 

AN ORDINANCE 

Concerning the delegation by Trustees of Academies to third persons^ 
of the powers conferred on said Trustees by law. Passed March 31, 
1840. 

The Regents of the University having ascertained from the reports 
of some of the Academies subject to their visitation, that the prac- 
tice has to some extent existed, of renting the academic buildings to 
third persons as principals, and delegating to them the power of em- 
ploying teachers, fixing the compensation of such teachers, regulating 
the charges for tuition, and prescribing the course of study and dis- 
cipline, do ordain and declare, that all contracts between the trus- 
tees of an academy and third persons, which divest the former of 
their power of controlling the academic building, or by which the 
right of prescribing the course of discipline and study, of employing 
teachers and fixing their compensation, or regulating the charges for 
tuition, is delegated to such third persons, are in violation of the trust 



33 

with which said trustees are invested by law ; and that no academy, 
the trustees of which shall make such a contract, shall be allowed, 
during the continuance of the contract, a distributive share of the 
Literature Fund. But this ordinance is not intended to restrain such 
trustees from leasing buildings belonging the academies under their 
charge,which have been erected or purchased for other purposes than 
those of study and recitation. 

4. Form of Annual Reports of Academies. 

The following is drafted in conformity to the above laws, ordi- 
nances and resolutions, and may be considered as a safe guide. The 
Secretary has subjoined, in the form of notes to each number, a no- 
tice of the more common omissions and defects in the annual reports. 

Preliminary Directions. 

1. The reports are required to be engrossed on foolscap paper, and 
in the form of a hook, and not in the form of law papers. A margin 
should be left at the back, so that they can be bound without con- 
cealing the writing. 

2. The sheets containing the whole report must be annexed, to each 
other. This is sworn to, both by the President of the Board of Trus- 
tees and by the Principal. 

3. The schedule of the Principal should not precede the report of 
the Trustees. 

4. The various heads should be numbered, and instead of omitting 
any, because the answer \snone, or something similar, it should be en- 
tered, with that remark. The omissions of this description are very 
numerous, and will be seen by referring to any (printed) annual re- 
port of the Regents, the words " not stated" being very common. 

5. The reports are required to be transmitted to the Secretary on 
or before the first of February in each year. Due allowance ismade 
for post-office delays and the accidents of the season, but there are 
some academies that occasionally forward them at so late a period, as 
to render a correction of errors impracticable. 

To the Regents of the University of the State of Mew-York. 

The Trustees of Academy, established at 

in the county of Respectfully Report : That the condition 

of their academy on the day of A. D. [here 

state the day on which the quarter ended nearest to the first of Janu- 
ary,] in respect to the several subject matters required to be reported 
on by them, was as follows : 

Academic Property. 

For a particular statement of their academic lot, building, library, 
and apparatus, and for a general statement of their other property, the 
trustees refer to their first report (or application) to the Regents, made 

5 



34 

pursuant to their ordinance of the 25th of April, 1838, said report (or 
application) bearing date on or about the day of &c. 

The property described in the report or application above referred to, 
remains, in respect to quantity, value, incumbrances, and in all other 
respects, the same as at the date of that report, [or if any change has 
taken place, by the purchase of new property, or by improving the 
old, or in consequence of decline in value, from decay or any other 
cause, or if the incumbrances on it have been increased or diminished, 
state the fact according as it is under the following heads :J 

1. Ground for Academy Buildings.* 
State its present value. $ 

2. Academy Buildings. 

Their present condition — whether out of repair — -and what will put 
them in proper repair — their present actual value. $ 

3. Academy Library, f 

Continue the catalogue of books added (if any) since the date of 
the last report, with their original cost and present value, in the fol- 
lowing form : 



Title or name of books arranged according to Number of vo- 
catalogue, if any, in use. lumes. 



Amount at date of last Report. 



[Give the total of each column.] 



Original 
cost. 



Present 
value. 



Give a general description of the condition of the books in the li- 
brary in respect to their being new or old, in good order or worn out ? 
&c, and deduct the value of such as have been lost or destroyed. 

4. Philosophical Apparatus. J 

Continue this inventory also from the date of last report ; including 
under it, besides what is strictly or technically philosophical appara- 



* Ground for Academy Buildings. One of 4he worst errors; under this head, as 
well as under many others, is to state " same as last year," ''same as in the last re° 
port." F.very report should be complete in itself. 

t Academy Library. The value of the Library is not unfrequently omitted, and the 
number of volumes in it, not stated, leaving these for the "summary statement." 
Again, the volumes added sLnce the last report, are occasionally not specified by fieir 
titles. The number of the volumes is also observed, in some instances, to be mate- 
rially less than at the date of the previous report, and without any explanation being 
given. 

t Philosophical Apparatus. — The defects and omissions are similar to the last. 
The articles purchased are sometimes not specified. 



35 



tus, all instruments used in, or illustrative of, any of the arts and 
sciences. 



Description or name of each article. 


Original cost. 


Present value. 




$ 


$ 










$ 


1 



State the totals, and give a general description of the condition of 
the apparatus in respect to its being new or old, in good order or 
worn out, &c. Deduct the value of what is lost, broken or injured. 

If the academy possess any mineral ogical or botanical specimens, 
anatomical preparations, or :my thing else illustrative of science or art, 
and not included as part of the library or apparatus already described, 
a general description of them should here be given, so as to convey a 
general idea of their extent, variety, character, &c. 

5. Title to Property i Incumbrances. 

The said property is free from all incumbrances, (if such be the 
case.) If there be any incumbrance on it, state the general amount. 

6. Other Jicademic Property. 

The property of the academy, other than the academy lot, buildings, 
library and apparatus above described, consists of, [here describe in 
the most general terms, such as the following :] 

Bonds and mortgages considered good, $ 

A house and lot, at, &c. worth, 

100 acres of wild land, in, &c. worth, 



Total, 



s 



Debts. 



The debts contracted by the academy which remained unpaid on 
the said day of &c. including all arrears of interest 

(if any) and all outstanding or unpaid accounts acknowledged as debts, 
amounted on that day to $ (The amount of incumbrances 

as stated above in sect. 5, should be included in this sum.) 

8. Summary Statements.'* 

The total value of all the academic property above described is as 
follows : 



* 8. Summary Statements. — This is a most important part of the report, and its 
omission, until supplied, subjects an academy to a suspension of payment. It is in- 
tended as a repetition of the items pieviously enumerated. 

The order is sometimes inverted. T he value of the philosopical apparatus is placed 
before that of the library. 



Present value of academy lot and buildings, 

Present value of library, consisting of volumes, (be 

careful to fill the blank with the number of volumes,) . . 

Present value of philosophical apparatus, 



Total value, ...... .... .... 

Deduct for debts, if any, 

Balance, showing value over and above all debts,, 
Add for other property, valued at, 

Total value of the whole, , 



9. Books and apparatus, compared with Catalogues, fyc. 

All the books and articles of apparatus possessed by the academy 
have, during the year ending on the date of this report, been, by or 
under the direction of the trustees, carefully examined and compared 
with the original catalogues or inventories of the books and apparatus 
belonging to the academy. And on such examination and comparison 
all the books and apparatus belonging to the academy, and which 
ought to be in its possession, were duly found to be in such possession^ 
in good order and condition, [or if any books or articles of apparatus 
be lost, missing, or damaged beyond what might reasonably be ex- 
pected from ordinary wear and tear in their necessary use, so state the 
fact, specifying the particular books and articles of apparatus so lost 
or damaged, and stating also the name of the librarian or other person 
through whose act, omission or neglect, such loss or damage shall have 
happened. J 

10. Annual Revenue. 

Amount received or receivable for tuition in said academy during the 
year ending on the said day of &c, . . . .$ 

Amount received or receivable for interest or income of aca- 
demic property, accrued during said year, 

Amount received during said year from the Regents of the 
University, on their annual apportionment of the income 
of the Literature Fund, 



Total annual revenue, ..... 



N. B. The items above described should include only what accrued 
during the particular year above referred to. Any thing received in 
that year, for arrears accrued in former years, should not be included, 
the object of the statement being to show the true amount of revenue 
accrued, (whether paid or unpaid) for the particular year to which it 
refers, in order to enable the Regents to compare annual revenue with 
annual expenditures. 



37 

11. Annual Expenditures. 

Amount paid or payable by the academy, for salaries or compensation 
of teachers, for the year ending on the said day 
of &c, $ 

Amount paid or payable for interest (if any,) accrued during 
said year, on debts outstanding against the academy, .... 

Amount paid or payable for repairs of buildings or other pro- 
perty belonging to the academy, made during said year, 

Amount paid or payable for fuel, and for all other incidental 
expenses, incurred by the academy during said year, .... 

Total annual expenditure, $ 

N. B. The items above described should include only what was 
paid or payable on liabilities incurred by the academy for the particu- 
lar year mentioned in the statement. Any thing paid in that year, on 
account of liabilities contracted or incurred in former years, should 
not be included — the object of the statement being to show the true 
amount of expenditures or liabilities for expenditures incurred, (whe- 
ther actually paid or not,) during the particular year to which it re- 
lates, in order to enable us to compare annual expenditures with an- 
nual revenue, to see if the academy be falling in debt, or otherwise. 

If any of the items of income or expenditure for any particular 
year, happen to be either greater or less than the average for common 
years, the case should be stated according to the fact. 

12. Money received from Literature Fund. 

The moneys received from the Literature Fund for the last year, as 
stated in the preceding part of this report, under the head of revenue, 
together with all balances (if any,) of such moneys received in for- 
mer years, and suffered to remain on hand unexpended, have been 
expended during the last year, or are accounted for as follows : 
[Here state the fact as it is, always remembering, before any expen- 
diture be made, that all such moneys are required by law to be ex- 
pended or applied in paying the salaries or compensation of teach- 
ers.* | 

13. Money raised and granted for the purchase of Books and Appa- 
ratus. 

If none has been received since the date of the last annual report, 
it is sufficient to state this. But if any has been received, the account 
should be stated as follows : 

Amount raised by the Trustees, $ 

Amount received from the Regents, 



Total, $ 

which has been expended as follows : 

* See Revised Statutes, chap, xv., Art. 1, Title 1, Sec. 26, (being the Act of April 22' 
1834 ;) and also the provisions of the Act passed April 17, 1838. 



38 

(Here state what books or apparatus, or both, have been purchased, 
or refer particularly to them as enumerated under previous heads.) 

If an unexpended balance remains to be accounted for, the disposi- 
tion of it should be here stated. 

14. Departments. 

The departments of instruction established and in practical opera- 
tion in the academy, are [here describe the different departments, if 
there be more than one, by reference to the subjects of instruction in 
each, or to the sex of the scholars attending it ; and in all cases state 
whether male and female scholars are in the same or in different de- 
partments.] 

15. Teachers. 

The whole number of teachers employed in said academy on the 
said day of &c, was , of which r* umber 

intend to make teaching a permanent profession. 

The names, ages, qualifications and compensation of said teachers 
are as follows : | Here state the name of each teacher — the depart- 
ment in which he teaches — his age — how long he has followed the 
business of teaching — a general statement of the course of study pur- 
sued preparatory to becoming a teacher in said academy — if the 
teacher be a graduate of any college, the statement of that fact alone 
will be sufficient — if not such a graduate, specify in general terms the 
subjects studied by him, or compare them with the sub-graduate course 
of study pursued in any of our common colleges, and state what part 
or proportion of such a course they would form — or if they are equal 
to or exceed that course, so state the fact, either in reference to the 
time such teacher was first employed in the academy, or to the time 
of making its report — and in all cases state whether such teacher in- 
tends or professes an intention, to make teaching a permanent profes- 
sion, or only a temporary occupation — state also the annual salary or 
compensation allowed to each teacher.] 

16. Subjects of study pursued, and class or text-books used. 

The subjects of study pursued in said academy, during said year? 
including classical and all others, with the class or text books used on 
each subject of study, were as follows • 

[Here state all the subjects of study of every description, from the 
lowest to the highest, arranged in one column alphabetically ; and in 
a collateral column state, opposite to each subject of study, the class 
or text-books used in studying it, as well in the lowest as in the 
hip-hest departments ; designating each book by its ordinary title and 
name of the author, thus : 

Algebra, Davies. 

Arithmetic, Daboll. 

Or they may be arranged in the order adopted in the schedule of 
text-books in the annual reports of the Regents. 

17. Composition and Declamation. 
The students in said academy required to be exercised in composi- 



tion and declamation, were exercised therein, during said year, as often 
on an average, in composition once in days, in declamation 

once in days, as appears from the affidavit of the principal of 

said academy, annexed to this report. 

18. Number of Students. 

A. The whole number of students (including classical and all 
others, belonging to the academy on the said day of 

was 

(Here insert the date given in the commencement of the report) 

B. The whole number of students, (including classical and all 
others) that have been taught in the academy duiing the year ending 
on the said day of was 

C. The number of students belonging to the academy on the said 

day of or who belonged to it during part of the 

year ending on that day, and who are claimed by the trustees to have 
pursued, for four months of said year, or upwards, classical studies, 
or the higher branches of English education, or both, according to the 
true intent and meaning of the ordinance of the Regents of the ISth 
March, 1828, was 

Of whom all were males, (or all females, or, of whom were 

males and were females.) 

A schedule of the names, ages and studies of the said students, so 
claimed by the said trustees to have pursued classical studies, or the 
higher branches of English education, or both, is hereunto annexed, 
duly verified by oath, as required by the law of the State and the or- 
dinance of the Regents. 

19. Prices or Rates of Tuition. 

The prices charged for tuition in said academy during said year, were 
as follows : [Here state the different prices in reference to the differ- 
ent subjects taught, &c.J 

20. Gratuitous Instruction. 

If (as is known to be the case in some academies,) scholars be re- 
ceived from common schools, and gratuitously instructed, either as a 
reward of merit or otherwise, state under this head the number so re- 
ceived, with the grounds or principles on which they are received, fyc. 
So if any scholars be received and instructed in the academy for ser- 
vices rendered by them, or on credit, to be paid for out of future earn- 
ings, &c, that fact may also be here stated. 

21. Academic Terms , Vacations , &fc. 

The year is divided into terms, of weeks each, [or if 

they vary, mention the variation, with the length of each.] 

There are weeks of vacation during the year, (enumerate 

these.) 

22. Price of Board. 

The average price of board in the vicinity of the academy, for scho- 



40 

lars attending it from abroad, should be stated under this head, and if 
the principal or any of the teachers of the academy receive scholars 
into their private families, the terms may, if desired, be here stated. 

23 . Conclusion and Authentication of Report. 

The preceding report from academy was submitted to the 

trustees of said academy, at a meeting legally held by them on the 
day of , &c, at which meeting the following named trustees 
were present, (state names,) being a legal quorum of said Board of 
Trustees, and having been read and approved, it was duly adopted at 
said meeting as the report of said academy, and ordered (after being 
verified by the oath of the presiding officer at said meeting, and re- 
corded on the minutes of its proceedings) to be transmitted to the 
Regents of the University, pursuant to the provisions of their ordi- 
nance in such case made and provided. 

All which is hereby done in obedience to said order this 
day of , &c. 

A. B., President, or President pro tern. 

{as the case may be) 
of Academy. 

Affidavit above referred to. 

County of ss. — A. B., being duly sworn, (or affirmed as 

the case may be,) deposeth and saith, that he is one of the trustees of 
academy, (whose annual report to the Regents of the Univer- 
sity immediately precedes this affidavit,) that he officiated as the pre- 
siding officer at the meeting of the trustees of said academy, referred 
to in the concluding part of said report; and that the schedule here- 
unto annexed of the names, ages, and studies of the students claimed, 
as stated therein, was submitted to the trustees at said meeting, and 
is believed by them to be correct ; that said report in all its parts, is 
made in the form required by the latest instructions received from the 
Regents of the University ; and that the statement of facts therein set 
forth, is in all respects true according to the best of his knowledge, 
information and belief. 

A. B. 

Sworn before me this day of, &c. 



41 





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42 

At the close of the schedule, an affidavit should be added in the 
following form : 

County of ss. — A. B. being duly sworn, deposeth and 

saith, that he is principal instructor of academy, whose 

annual report to the Regents of the University is hereunto annexed ; 
that the said report is made in conformity to the latest instructions 
received from the Regents of the University ; that the annexed (or 
preceding) schedule contains a true statement of the names, ages and 
studies of the several students belonging to said academy on the 

day of , or who belonged to it during part of the 

year ending on that day, and who are claimed to have pursued, for 
four months of said year or upwards, classical studies, or the higher 
branches of English education, or both, according to the true intent 
and meaning of the ordinance of the Regents of the 18th March, 
1828 ; that none of said students are under the age of ten years, and 
that such of them as are claimed to be classical students have actu- 
ally pursued all the preliminary studies required by the first section 
of said ordinance, to make them such students ; and that such of 
them as are claimed to be students in the higher branches of English 
education, had, before they were considered as such students, attained 
such proficiency in the arts of reading and writing, and obtained such 
elementary or preliminary knowledge, as is required by the second 
section of said ordinance to make them such students; that they 
have all pursued the requisite studies, and performed the requisite exer- 
cises in composition and declamation, (except that females have not 
been exercised in declamation) for the period of time required by said 
ordinance to entitle said academy to a distributive share of the income 
of the literature fund ; the said exercises in composition and declama- 
tion having been as often, on an average, as once in days. 
All which this deponent affirms to be true, according to the best of 
his knowledge, information and belief. 

Sworn, &c. A. B. Principal, $*c. 

In case of the death or absence of the principal, the schedule should 
be made and sworn to by some other teacher, if there be any, ac- 
quainted with the facts to be stated ; or if there be no such other 
teacher, it must be made and sworn to by some one of the trustees — 
stating the reason of his making it, the sources of his knowledge or 
information, with his belief as to its correctness, &c. 

NOTES. 

As the amount of moneys apportioned to each academy depends on the number 
of students allowed by the Regents, it is extremely important that the schedule 
of the Principal should be correct in all its parts. The most common defects 
and omissions are as follows : 

A. An endeavor to crowd the enumeration for three and even four terms on a 
single page of foolscap. This leads to contraction of the names of text-books — 
to indistinctness and uncertainty as to the quantity studied, and if, (as is fre- 
quently the case) no lines be drawn so as to separate the name and studies of one 
student from another, to confusion in designating what belongs to each. 



. 43 

B. In one or two instances the principal has returned all his scholars, whether 
claimed or not, in his schedule and then annexed marks to distinguish the for- 
mer. I am directed to say that in future all similar schedules will be returned 
for correction. 

C. The names of students claimed are sometimes omitted and the number 
stands a blank. 

D. More commonly there is a blank in the column of age. It has been an 
invariable rule of the Regents of the University for many years to reject all stu- 
dents whose ages arenot given. " Where age is omitted it is presumed to be less 
than ten years." 

E. It occasionally happens that separate returns are made of each term or 
quarter, and the studies pursued in it, and thus the name of the student claimed 
has to be followed over various parts of the schedule. This also will be returned 
for correction. 

F. Insufficient Studies. 

I reprint the remarks contained in the previous edition under this head: 
In respect to classical studies, the statute provides that no student shall be 
deemed to have pursued classical studies, unless he shall have advanced at least 
so far as to have read in Latin the first book of the ^neid. What particular 
studies are to make up the intermediate stages of the advance, or what in other 
words shall precede Virgil, not being specified in the statute, it became neces- 
sary for the Regents to specify it, which they accordingly did by their ordinance 
of 1828, in which it was expressly declared that no students in any academy should 
be considered classical scholars until they should have studied so much of the 
common elementary prose authors in Latin, as is equal to one- half of Corderius, 
one-half ol Historia Sacra, one-third of Viri Romae, and two books of Caesar's 
Commentaries, and should also have lead the first book of the JEneid. The 
quantum of Latin study required to precede Virgil being thus expressly defined, 
in terms of the plainest possible import, it was not expected to be misapprehended 
or overlooked Yet it has heretofoie often been, and sometimes still is a subject 
of the most unaccountable misapprehension or neglect. Students passing directly 
from grammar, or other like elementary studies, into Virgi), in almost total dis- 
regard of the intermediate course prescribed by the Regents, are not only claimed 
to be classical scholars under the ordinance above referred to, but are sworn to 
be such by the affidavit of the teacher, which is thus falsified by his own 
showing. 

Both the statute of the State, and the ordinance of the Regents above referred 
to, provide that no one shall be considered a classical student, until he shall have 
completed a prescribed course of study, ending with the first book of the JEneid; 
and as it is provided in another part of the statute, that classical studies shall be 
pursued four months in each year, to entitle a student to a share of the public 
money, it might at first view be inferred, that the four months here required must 
elapse after a student becomes such* classical one, that is, after his having com 
pleted the prescribed course above referred to. But such an inference is not in 
accordance with the construction given by the Regents to the law, which onlv 



u 

provides when a student shall be considered classical for certain specified pur- 
poses. It does not define or alter classical studies. So that if the prescribed 
course ending with the first book of the iEneid be completed, and four months 
be spent in doing it, (he requirement of the statute is satisfied, as much as if the 
four months had been spent in studies subsequent to Virgil. 

In respect to English studies, the statute provides that no student shall be 
deemed to have pursued the higher branches of English education, unless he 
shall have advanced beyond such knowledge of Arithmetic, English Grammar 
and Geography, as is usually obtained in common schools. The studies preli- 
minary to the higher branches of English education, which are here stated only 
in general terms, are more particularly prescribed and defined in the ordinance 
of the Regents above referred to; but neither that ordinance, nor the statute on 
which it is founded, prescribes or defines what shall constitute the higher branches 
of such education. And hence it often occurs in academic reports, that certain 
studies are claimed to have the rauk of higher branches of education, which are 
not allowed by the Regents to be of that character. The following extract from 
a report made by a Committee of the Regents in 1829, will exhibit the views- 
then entertained on this subject, which have not been since materially varied: 

"The ordinance of the Regents, prescribing the requisites and forms of the 
academic reports, defines the studies which shall be considered preliminary to 
the higher branches of English education, but does not define what those higher 
branches shall be. This omission in the ordinance is understood to have been 
made, partly on account of the difficulty of embracing in any definition, all the 
subjects of study which deserve the rank of higher branches of education; but 
chiefly for the purpose of reserving to the Regents the right of determining what 
shall be considered the higher branches of education, as they shall, from time to 
time, be presented in the academic reports. In the exercise of this reserved 
right, the committee have had no difficulty in considering all kinds of History, 
Geometry, Algebra, Botany, Rhetoric, Natural and Moral Philosophy, Logic, Che- 
mistry, Book-Keeping, Surveying, Mensuration, Navigation, Astronomy, Trigo- 
nometry, Constitution of the United States, or of this Slute, Grecian and Roman 
Antiquities, higher parts of Arithmetic, if particularly specified, Geography, with 
the Use of Globes or Mapping, as entitled to be ranked among the higher branches 
of education; but they have had some difficulty in determining on the character 
which ought to be given to the study of modern languages other than English, 
such as French, German, Spanish, &c. These subjects of study do not strictly 
come within the range of an English education, nor can they be considered parts 
of the classics. They nevertheless appear to the committee to be equivalent in 
merit to most other subjects of study which are specially favored by the Regents. 
The committee have, therefore, placed the students engaged in these studies on a 
par with classical scholars, or scholars in the higher branches of English edu- 
cation. 

"In some of the academic reports, Geography, English Grammar, and Arith- 
metic, are claimed to be higher branches of English education ; but in all cases 
where such a claim has been made without any specification to show what parti- 
lar pa^ts of those branches have been studied, the committee have invariably re- 



jected the claim, considering such studies not above the ordinary grade of studies 
in common schools." 

Another committee of the Regents, in a subsequent report on the same subject, 
made with special reference to the study of Geography, submitted the following 
remarks : 

" In the report of the committee of distribution for the last year, the study of 
Geography, with the use of the Globes or mapping, was included among the studies 
appertaining to the higher branches of English education. The present commit- 
tee do not propose to reverse the decision of their predecessors in respect to that 
study, but only to add what they consider an implied qualification of it. Geogra- 
phy, with the use of Globes, is rightly considered as one of the higher branches 
of English education, provided the study of it be pursued at a proper time and in 
a proper way. The proper time for such a study is after the student has gone 
through with the elementary books on Geography ; and the proper mode of study- 
ing the Use of the Globes is by demonstrating or performing the problems relat- 
ing to the globe, as laid down in any of the approved works on the subject. The 
study of Geography in its elementary stages, accompanied by an exhibition of 
the globes, or a reference the use of them, or by the exercise of mapping, is not 
such a study as was intended to come within the definition of any of the higher 
branches of any English education." 

In a still later report on the same or similar subjects, the following remarks 
were submitted : 

" In some reports, Geography, with the use of Globes, is claimed to be amon«- 
the higher branches of English education, without any designation of the kind of 
Geography studied, &c, but such claim cannot be allowed ; none of the elemen- 
tary books on Geography can be considered ' higher branches of education,' as 
(hey are expressly declared by the act of the Legislature and the ordinance of 
the Regents before referred to, to be preliminary to the higher branches. But 
after the elementary study of Geography be completed, if the student enter on the 
study of the more advanced parts of it, such as Physical Geography, &c. as found 
in the largest edition of Woodbridge, Malte-Brun, &c. and especially if such study 
be accompanied by exercises on the globes, it ought to be considered among the 
higher branches of education, and where its character is shown by sufficient spe- 
cification in the reports, it has been uniformly so considered by the Regents. 
The same remark may be made in respect to Arithmetic ; its elementary parts, 
as defined in the ordinance of 1828, not being considered among the higher 
branches; but the more advanced parts, if sufficiently specified, beino- so con- 
sidered. 

" What actually constitutes the higher branches of English education, is not 
defined by any act of the Legislature, nor by any ordinance of the Regents. 
This omission is not accidental ; but is owing to causes which have been fully 
stated in former reports made by committees of distribution, and published for 
the information of the academies. But the studies required to precede the higher 
branches of education are specially defined in both the law of the State and the 
ordinance of the Regents ; and it was certainly reasonable to expect that none of 
the studies thus declared to be preliminary to the higher branches, would be put 
t 



46 

forth as part of such branches ; but such expectations have not been realized. In 
some of the reports, such studies, or others equally inferior, have been treated as 
higher branches of education ; but the claim to have them so considered has in 
all cases been overruled by the committee." 

It will be observed, on attentively perusing the ordinance of the Regents of the 
18th March, 1828, (herewith published) that there is a material difference be- 
tween classical students and students in the higher branches of English education, 
in respect to the mode of computing the period of study. If a student spend four 
months of the year in classical studies preliminary to Virgil, and in the first book 
of the iEneid of Virgil, he is a classical student, within the meaning of the ordi- 
nance under consideration ; but if he spend any length of time in the studies pre- 
liminary to the higher branches of English education, [specified in the second 
section of the said ordinance,] he does not thereby entitle the institution to which 
he belongs to any share of the public money : he must, after having actually 
pursued all the preliminary studies, and acquired all the knowledge prescribed 
in the second section of said ordinance, have spent at least four months of the 
year in the study of the higher branches of English education. If the distinction 
here stated, between classical and other studies, be well understood, much of the 
difficulty heretofore experienced in making out the academic reports will be ob- 
viated. 

G. Insufficient Description of Studies. 

The statute so often above referred to requires a description or particular state- 
ment of the studies pursued by each pupil, with the books studied in whole or in 
part; and if in part, what part. 

The subjects of study, as well as the books used in studying them, are here re- 
quired to be stated. It is not sufficient to state either alone. In some instances, 
the subject studied, such as History, Astronomy, &c, is stated without any men- 
tion of the text-books used; but as the extent and character of any study depend 
much on the books used, such a description must be considered entirely insuffi- 
cient. 

Another instance of insufficient description, is where studies are described by 
the words the same as last; leaving it Uncertain whether the last preceding term or 
last preceding student be referred to. Such references are proper when there is 
no ambiguity attending them, as in the form herewith published. 

But the common fault, under the head of insufficient description lies in not sta- 
ting how much of each book is studied. In such cases we are to intend that the 
whole book has been read, yet as the time spent on it is given, it often falsifies 
such intendment, as well as the affidavit of the teacher, in which such intend- 
ment is in effect sworn to. To specify all such particulars is, I am aware, at- 
tended with a great deal of labor, and not unfrequently with great difficulty, par- 
ticularly where there are changes of teachers during the year for which the re- 
port is made. But as both the law of the State, and the ordinance of the Regents, 
require the trustees or their teachers to state the part of each book studied du- 
ring each term, with the time spent on it, &c, the duty cannot be dispensed 
with. 

* 



47 

If there be only three terms in any academy during- the year, that is, if any 
term be intended to be one-third of a year, although on account of vacations, it 
may not embrace four full months, yet for all practical purposes it may be con- 
sidered as four months. 

H. Term of Study in each Academic year. 

In some few academies, scholars who have not pursued classical studies, or the 
higher branches of English education four months of the year, ending on the 
date of the annual report, but who, having pursued such studies for four months, 
including fractional parts of the previous year, not covered by the report of that 
year, are reported and claimed to have pursued the requisite studies, for the re- 
quisite time, to entitle the institution to which they belong, to a distributive 
ghare of the public money on their account; thus adding together fractions of 
time in two different academic years, to make up the whole period of four 
months required for a single year. But all such claims have been invariably re- 
jected ; the law of the State and the ordinances of the Regents requiring in the 
most explicit terms, the time of study to be four months of the year ending on 
the date of the report. The Regents allow the trustees of each academy to ar- 
range the terms, or sessions, of their academic year, as they think proper; but 
they are required to make their report for the year ending with the close of the 
term nearest to the first of January; and when the terms are so established, the 
academic year must be governed hy them. Fractions of time in one year, can 
in no case be used for another year. 



48 



IV. Meteorological Reports. 

Instructions for Meteorological Reports. 

At a meeting of the Regents of the University, held pursuant to 
adjournment, in the Senate Chamber, March 1, 1825 — 

It was Resolved, That each of the academies incorporated by this 
Board be furnished with a thermometer and pluviameter, or rain gage, 
the expense of which shall be paid out of the funds of the Regents ; 
and that the Vice-Chancellor, Mr. Lansing, and Mr. Greig, be a com- 
mittee to provide those instruments, and to prescribe the rules for 
making observations by them, and the manner in which the accounts 
of them shall be kept ; reports of which shall be annually made to 
this Board. 

At a subsequent meeting of said Regents, held on the 12th day of 
April, 1825. 

It was further Resolved, That in addition to the existing regulations 
to entitle the academies to their dividends of the public fund, it will be 
considered necessary that they keep an exact register of observations 
made with the thermometers and rain gages with which they shall be 
furnished, according to the instructions that may be given them by the 
committee appointed for that purpose ; and that, with their annual re- 
ports, they shall give correct registers of such observations; and that 
the Secretary furnish each of the academies with a copy of this reso- 
lution. 

A true extiact from the minutes of the Regents. 

G. HAWLEY, Secretary, &c. 

In pursuance of the preceding resolutions, the following rules and 
instructions have been adopted for the direction of the academies of 
this State, in making meteorological observations and the registry there- 
of, to be annually reported to the Regents. 

The Thermometer must be kept in a situation where there is a free 
circulation of air, and where it cannot be affected either by the direct 
or reflected rays of the sun, or by a radiation of heat or co]d from 
neighboring bodies. Heat may be reflected or radiated from bare, dry 
earth, sand, gravel or pavement. The place about it should therefore 
be covered with grass in its season. Heat may be reflected to some 
distance from walls or other structures of a light color ; the ther- 
mometer should, therefore, be placed considerably remote from them. 
Massy walls slowly imbibe or part with caloric ; they will, therefore, 
after sudden changes in the weather, possess, for some time, a tem- 
perature different from that of the circulating air, and by radiation 
affect the thermometer, if placed near to, or in contact with them ; 
this must therefore be avoided. 

The Rain Gage must be kept remote from all elevated structures, 
to a distance at least equal to their height, and still further off, where 



l t can be conveniently done, and be not more than ten feet above the 
surface of the ground. 

In freezing weather, when the rain gage can not he used out of 
doors, it may be taken into a room : and, instead of it, a tin vessel 
should be procured for receiving the snow, rain or sleet that may then 
fall. This vessel must have its opening exactly equal to that of the 
rain gage, and widen downwards, to a sufficient depth, with a con- 
siderable slope. It should be placed where nothing can obstruct the 
descending snow from entering it, and where no drift snow may be 
blown into it. During a continued snow storm, the snow may occa- 
sionally be pressed down in it. The contents of the vessel must, at 
proper times, be melted over a fire, and the water produced poured 
into the gage, to ascertain its contents, which must then be entered 
in the gage column of the register. 

Observations by the Thermometer must be made every morning, be- 
fore sunrise, in order to obtain the lowest degree ; every afternoonat, 3 
P. M. or thereabouts, when it shows the highest degree ; and every 
evening, an hour after sunset. The lowest degree or coldest weather, 
is supposed to occur generally between the commencement of daylight 
and sunrise ; and the highest degree, or warmest weather, between 2 
and 4 o'clock in the afternoon. The degrees are to be taken from 
Fahrenheit's scale. 

[The Regents have not, at present, any thermometers to furnish for 
the use of academies. Those heretofore furnished by them were ma- 
nufactured by Mr. Kendall, at New-Lebanon. In case such thermo- 
meters can not be obtained, others should be procured, the degrees on 
which are marked according to Fahrenheit's scale. Academies not 
supplied with thermometers and rain-gages by the Regents, are not re- 
quired to make meteorological observations.] 

Observations by the rain gage should not be delayed long after a fall 
of rain, and the amount every half month must be entered in its 
proper place. 

For the Register, a book of at least twenty -four folio pages foolscap 
size, must be procured, of which each left hand page must be ruled 
into ten perpendicular columns, for the entries of one month. The 
first column for the days of the month, to beheaded Days ; the second, 
third, fourth and fifth, to have the caption Thermometer ; the second 
column for the morning observations, to be heatleil Mom : the third 
column for the afternoon observations, to be headed of tern. ; the fourth 
column for the evening observations, to be headed Eveng. ; and the 
fifth column for the mean temperature, to be headed Mean ; the sixth 
and seventh columns to be captioned Winds, and headed JJ. M. and 
P. M. ; the eighth and ninth columns to be captioned Weather and 
headed A. M. and P. M. ; and the tenth column to be headed Rain 
gage. 

The Entries opposite to each day of the month are to be made in 
the following manner : For the Thermometer in the Morn, column, 
enter the lowest degree found in the morning ; in the A / tern, column, 
enter the highest degree found in the afternoon ; in the Eveng. column^ 
enter the degree observed an hour after sunset ; and in the Mean 

7 



50 

column enter the mean temperature of the day, which is thus found ; 
to the morning observation, twice the afternoon observation, and twice 
the evening observation, add the next morning's observations, and 
divide the sum by 6. 

The object of this calculation will be evident when it is recollected 
that we wish to obtain through it the mean temperature of any 24 
hours. By taking twice the afternoon figure, twice the evening fig- 
ure, the temperature of the morning of the day, and the temperature 
of the morning of the succeeding day, and adding the six together 
and dividing by six, we have at once the elements for obtaining the mean 
temperature for that given time, and also procure the necessary result. 

For the Winds, enter in the A. M. column, N.— NE.— E — SE.— 

S. SW. — W. — or NW. according to the prevalence of the wind in 

the forenoon from either of these eight half quarters of the compass. 
Do the same in the P. M. column, for the prevailing winds in the 
afternoon. 

For the Weather, enter in the A. M. column, Fair or Cloudy, as 
either of these aspects shall prevail in the forenoon. Do the same in 
the P. M. column, for the weather of the afternoon. When rain or 
snow falls, or both together, instead of cloudy, enter Rain, Snow, or 
R. fy S., for rain and snow. 

For the Rain Gage, enter the inches, tenths and hundredths shown by 
the scale, immediately before the water is drawn off, which is to be 
done until or Zero stands level with the upper edge of the bar across 
the funnel of the gage. 

The right hand pages are to be appropriated to observations on ve- 
getation, °and also such miscellaneous remarks as may be considered 
interesting ; such as thunder and lightning, hail storms, tornadoes or 
hurricanes, destructive floods, uncommon meteors, white or hoar frost, 
the first appearance of barn swallows in the spring, and occasionally 
the depth of snow on the ground, and its disappearance, &c. The ob- 
servations on the Phenomena of Vegetation are to be directed to the 
time when the w T hite or red Currants blossom, when the Shadbush or 
Juneberry* and the DSgwood trees in their natural situation, and the 
Peach, Pear and Apple trees, in open fields, are in bloom ; that is, 
when at least one-half the blossoms are fully expanded. When the 
flowers called aments or catkins of the White Oak, the Chesnut, the 
Black Birch\ and the Jlspen\ begin to drop. W^hen ripe field Straw- 

* Called Mespilus Canadensis, by Linnseus— Mespilus nivea, by Marshall, in his 
Arbustrum Americanum— Mespilus arborea, by Michaux, and Arouia botryapium 
bv Persoon and Wildenow. In this State it is commonly called Shadblow or Shad- 
bush Michaux says, that in the northern section of the Union it is called Wild 
Peartree and in the middle States, Juneberry ; and that " with the exception of the 
maritime parts of the Carolinas and Georgia, this tree is spread over the whole ex- 
tent of the United Slates." On this account, and also on account of its being one of 
our earliest flowering forest trees, and the conspicuous manner in which it displays 
its snow-white blossoms when the foliage of the woods has yet scarcely made its ap- 
pearance, this tree is peculiarly deserving of a place among those which are selected 
for observations. , n . . -. , 

+ Betula lenta.— This tree is every where known by the name of Black Birch. 
It is also called Mountain Mahogany in Virginia, Sweet Birch and Cherry Birch, in 
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and farther north. In Canada it is universally called 
Cherry Birch— Michaux. _„..._■;, . . A 

X Populus Tremuloides.— Trembling Poplar or American Aspen. 



51 

berries first appear in any quantity. When the Wheat harvest com- 
mences. When the last killing frost occurs in the spring, observed 
on tender buds, young leaves, or the germs of fruit trees or other 
vegetables ; and the first killing frost in the fall of the year, noticed 
by its destroying tender plants, such as the vines of cucumbers, 
melons and beans. 

At the end of the 14th of February, and the 15th of every other 
month, add together the numbers in the column of mean temperature, 
divide the sum by the number of days, and set down the quotient un- 
derneath, for the mean of the first half of the month. Do the same 
for the other days, at the end of the month, and set down the quotient 
at the bottom of the column, for the mean of the second half of the 
month ; add this to the first mean, and divide the sum by 2, for the 
mean of the whole month, which enter accordingly. 

Count the number of times that each point of the compass appears 
in the A. M. and P. M. columns, under the caption of Winds, and the 
half thereof must be considered as the whole number of days on 
which that wind has prevailed during the month ; and enter in a con- 
venient place the number of days thus found, on which the wind has 
prevailed from each of the eight half quarters of the compass. 

Fair and cloudy days. — This column should be kept totally distinct 
from that of rain, snow, &c. State first the number of fair and 
cloudy days in each month ; then the number of days on which rain has 
fallen, and the same as to snow, or rain and snow. It is not expected 
that the number of hours during which rain, &c.,fell, shall be summed 
up, to make up days and fractions of days. It is the number of days 
on which it fell, no matter whether on one it rained only 15 minutes, 
and on the other, during 24 hours. 

It is desirable that the location of each academy be described by 
bearings and distances from some of the bounds of the town in which 
it is situated, for the purpose of having its latitude and longitude cor- 
rectly determined. 

It is also very important to know the elevation of every academy 
in which observations are made. For this purpose, the observer 
should state its height with reference to some point ascertained during 
the numerous canal and road surveys made in this State during the 
last few years. There is no academy reporting which is more than 
three or t'onr miles, either from tide water or from known elevations 
obtained as above. 

The temperature of wells should also be ascertained, both in winter 
and summer. Let the depth to which the thermometer is sunk, be 

of of prj 

S. DE WITT, Vice-Chancellor, CVn. 

N. B. The number of days on which it rains or snows, or both, 
should be carried out — and this whether it rains or snows for an hour 
or the whole day. The object is, to ascertain on how many days it 
rained or snowed. The quantity is obtained by the rain gage. 

The form of registering meteorological observations must be as fol- 
lows : 



52 



On the first or title page of the meteorological reports, a certificate 
must be made and signed by the principal of the academy, or, in his 
absence, by some one of the teachers or trustees, stating by whom 
the observations have been made, (whether by a teacher of the acade- 
my, or how otherwise,) and his opinion of their correctness, &c. 

The whole title page should be in the following form : 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS 

FOR THE YEAR 184 

MADE UNDER THE DIRECTIONS OF THE 

REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF 
NEW-YORK. 

AT ACADEMY, 

SITUATED IN THE TOWN OF IN THE COUNTY OF 

Latitude Longitude 

I, A. B. of said Academy, do hereby cer- 

tify, that according to the best of my knowledge and belief, all and 
singular the meteorological observations, as registered in the follow- 
ing tables, have been correctly made, and truly registered, by 

(Signed,) A. B. 

Each month in the year, commencing always with the month of 
January, and ending with the month of December, should have a 
whole page in the Journal, set apart for a table of registry, in the 
following form, which must be literally followed : 



54 



JAN. 


THERMOMETER. 


WINDS. 


WEATHER. 


RAIN. 


Days. 


Morn. 


After. 


Even. 


Mean. 


A.M. 


P.M. 


A. M. 


P.M. 


Gage. 


1 


35 


40 


30 


32.83 


W 


NW 


fair 


fair 




2 


22 


39 


37 


35. 


W 


S 


fair 


fair 




3 


36 


49 


40 


41.83 


S 


SW 


cloudy 


cloudy 




4 


37 


45 


36 


36.83 


w 


NW 


fair 


fair 




5 


22 


42 


35 


34.66 


NW 


SW 


fair 


fair 




6 


32 


40 


36 


36.33 


NW 


N 


cloudy 


cloudy 




7 


34 


36 


28 


32.5 


W 


w 


snow 


cloudy 




8 


23 


35 


25 


27.16 


SW 


w 


fair 


fair 




9 


20 


30 


24 


24.66 


sw 


SW 


fair 


fair 




10 


20 


30 


22 


23.66 


SW 


SW 


fair 


fair 




11 


18 


25 


26 


24.66 


N 


NE 


cloudy 


snow- 




12 


28 


43 


32 


34.16 


SW 


w 


faii- 


fair | 




13 


27 


36 


30 


30.83 


NW 


NW 


fair 


fair 




14 


26 


38 


35 


34.16 


SE 


E 


cloudy 


rain 




15 J 


33 


38 


30 


32.66 


S 


SW 


cloudy 


' cloud}' 1 


. 0.42 



First half monlh 




34.13 










0.42 


16 


27 


34 


29 


29.83 


SE 


SE 


cloudy 


cloudy 




17 


26 


29 


26 


26.66 


N 


NE 


cloudy 


smow 




18 


24 


34 


28 


28.83 


SW 


SW 


cloudy 


fair 




19 


25 


28 


20 


22.44 


NW 


NW 


cloudy 


fair 




20 


15 


22 


19 


18.83 


N 


N 


cloudy 


snow 


0.35 


21 


16 


25 


8 


12.33 


NW 


NW 


fair 


fair 




22 


— 8 


25 


20 


16.30 


SW 


SW 


cloudy 


cloudy 




23 


16 


36 


30 


29.33 


SW 


s 


fair 


fair 




24 


28 


35 


22 


25.83 


NW 


NW 


cloudy 


fair 




25 


13 


19 


16 


16.33 


N 


N 


cloudy 


S& R 


1.13 


26 


15 


26 


14 


16.33 


N 


w 


cloudy 


fail- 




27 


3 


25 


19 


17.66 


NE 


s 


cloudy 


fair 




28 


15 


40 


25 


24.66 


SW 


w 


cloudy 


fail- 




29 


3 


22 


8 


9.66 


SW 


w 


faii- 


fair 




30 


— 5 


18 


4 


4.83 


NW 


w 


fair 


faii- 




31 


—10 


20 


12 


9.83 


SW 


SW 


fair 


fair 




Feb. 1 


5 














I 




Second half month 




19.36 










1.48 



Monthly mean, 



27.75 



1.90 



WINDS. N, 4days; NE, 1|; E, I; SE, 1J; S, 2h ; SW, 9; W, 5; NW, 7. 
WEATHER. Fair, 17 days; cloudy, 14; rain, 1; snow, 4; snow and rain, 1. 
PREVAILING WIND, SW. RAIN GAGE, ] .90. 
Warmest day, 3d; coldest, 30th. Highest degree, 49; lowest, — 10. 



tnxwr-™*nTtamr*n*M>7-*d 



Annual abstracts should be made out at the end of the monthly ta- 
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form : 






































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56 

NOTES. 

Fair and cloudy days. — This column should be kept totally distinct from that 
of rain, snow, &c. State first the number of fair and cloudy days in each month ; 
then the number of days on which rain has fallen, and the same as to snow, or 
rain and snow. It is not expected that the number of hours during which rain, 
&c. fell, shall be summed up, to make up days and fractions of days. It is the 
number of days on which it fell, no matter whether on one it rained only 15 mi- 
nutes, ar.d on the others, during 24 hours. 

Thunder Storms. — The neglect in registering their occurrence, and noting the 
day on which they happen, and thus enabling us to form comparative tables, 
both of their frequency and their prevalence in particular months, is severely 
censured by M. Arago, in a late memoir on Thunder Storms and their phenomena. 
After remarking that those things are not noticed in the Tables of the Royal Soci- 
ety of London, he adds that a similar omission exists in the Academical Collec- 
lections of the United States of America. Presuming that by these he can only 
mean the Meteorological Reports of the academies in the State of New- York, we 
suggest that every occurrence of a thunder storm be registered, so that at the end 
of the year, tables may be constructed, giving the number in each month, and 
the total for each year. 

Storms. — The phenomena of these are acquiring great interest through the in- 
vestigations of Mr. Redfield, Mr. Espy and Col. Reid of the British army. If 
possible, note the force and direction of the wind when they commence ; the 
number of hours that the wind continues in (hat direction ; whether it varies, and 
if so, to what direction ; how long this continues, and how much rain [if any] falls- 
State as near as possible the length of time that the storm continues. 

Aurora Borealis. — Be particular in noticing whether foul weather [and what 
description of it] occurs within 48 or 60 hours after the appearance of an aurora. 

Quantity of Rain at different heights. — " Observations with the rain gage 
[understood to have recently been made] have been found to indicate very differ- 
ent quantities of rain as falling upon the very same spot, according to the different 
elevations of the gage. In general, less rain is collected in high than in low 
situations, even though the difference of altitude should be inconsiderable. Thus 
it was discovered that in the space of a year, while 12.1 inches only fell on the 
top of Westminster Abbey, 18.1 were collected on the roof of a house 16 feet 
lower ; and even 22.6 inches of rain at the ground. Similar observations have 
been made at the summit and near the base of hills of no great elevation." Art. 
" Meteorology " in Encyclopeuia Britannica. Gentlemen that are provided with 
two rain o-ages, might add to the facts on this subject already collected, by placing 
one on the top of the academy edifice or some other higher elevation and noting 
the difference between the quantity of rain thus collected and that in the ordinary 

gage. 

Common Rain Gage. — In explanation of the principles on which the rain gage 
is constructed, and in answer to various inquiries which have been made on the 
subject, it is proper to observe, that the area of the funnel at the top of the cylin- 
der, in its widest part, being eight times the area of the cylinder below, one inch 
in depth of rain falling in the open air, and received through the widest part of 



57 

the funnel, will till eight inches in depth of the cylinder; and consequently, the 
moveable rod in the cylinder, being- attached to a hollow, floating bulb, will be 
raised eight inches above the cross-bar at the top of the funnel. This space of 
eight inches is divided into 100 equal parts, or small divisions, so that each 
part or division above the cross-bar will indicate the cne-hundredth part of an 
inch of rain fallen ; and 100 of those parts or divisions, covering eight inches on 
the rod, will indicate one inch of rain fallen, and must be registered accordingly. 

Time embraced in the report. — The report must embrace one whole year, com- 
mencing with the 1st of January, and ending with the 31st of December, but not 
commencing or ending on any other days. Without observing this regulation, 
the results of observations at different academies cannot be compared with each 
other ; and as such a comparison is one of the leading objects proposed by the 
Regents, uniformity in this respect must be insisted on. 

Form of the report. — As it is inconvenient to furnish all the academies with 
blank forms for meteorological reports, it will be expected that such reports be 
hereafter made in manuscript. The reports are to be bound in volumes, those for 
a single year making one volume. In order to have the several volumes, and the 
several parts of each volume, uniform, the paper used for the reports should be 
uniform as to its dimensions. That heretofore used has been common foolscap } 
making, when bound into a volume and trimmed, a loaf of about 13 by 8 inches : 
let that be the standard for all subsequent reports . 



58 



V. Variation of the Magnetic Needle. 

At a meeting of the Regents of the University of the State of New- 
York, held pursuant to adjournment, in the Senate Chamber, 

March 20th, 1832. 

On motion of Mr. Dix, it was 

Resolved, That so much of the annual report for the year 1832, of 
the trustees of Geneva college, as relates to the expediency of adopt- 
ing a course of experiments upon the variation of the magnetic nee- 
dle, be referred to a select committee. 

The Chancellor and Mr. Dix and Mr. Bleecker were appointed 
such committee. 

At a meeting of the Regents of the University, held pursuant to 
adjournment, in the office of the clerk of the Senate, March 28, 
1832. 

Mr. Bleecker, from the committee to whom was referred so much 
of the annual report for 1832, of the trustees of Geneva college as 
relates to the expediency of adopting a course of experiments upon 
the variation of the magnetic needle, reported : 

That it is very desirable that observations should be annually made 
on the variation of the needle, inasmuch as the boundaries of lands 
are usually described according to the courses indicated by the needle, 
and there are no rules by which its variation can be ascertained, for 
any interval of time, according to which such bounds can be retraced, 
where the landmarks have been obliterated. But as the Regents are 
not invested with the power of enjoining the making of such obser- 
vations on the colleges and academies placed under their supervision, 
the committee are of opinion that it ought to be recommended to 
them to institute courses of such observations, and make annual reports 
thereof to the Regents, and that a committee be appointed to address 
the trustees of the colleges and academies in this State on this sub- 
ject, stating their opinion of the manner in which, for the sake of ac- 
curacy and uniformity the observations ought to be made. 

Which, having been read and considered, was accepted, and the 
same committee who made said report were constituted a committee 
for the purposes therein mentioned. 

A true extract from the minutes of the Regents. 

GIDEON HAWLEY, Secretary. 

In compliance with these resolutions, the committee to whom the 
subject thereof had been referred, addressed circulars to the colleges 
and academies, recommending to them a co-operation with the views 
of the Regents, impressing on them the importance thereof, and pre- 
scribing the rules for doing it ; the most essential of which is the fol- 
lowing, which was recommended as that most commonly used by as- 
tronomers to establish a true meridian, and is now again recommended 
as preferable to any other. 



59 

Take from the nautical almanac the north polar distance of the pole 
star. 

Find the latitude of the place on the map of the State, if it has not 
been otherwise ascertained. 

From these data, calculate the greatest azimuth of the pole star by 
this formula : 

" As the cosine of the latitude is to radius, so is the sine of the north 
polar distance of the pole star to the sine of its azimuth." 

Ascertain the direction of this azimuth line, which can be most con- 
veniently done in the latter part of September or the beginning of Oc- 
tober, for then the pole star will appear in its proper place soon after 
it is visible in the evening. This is most accurately done with a good 
transit instrument, but where that is wanting the following method is 
recommended : 

Suspend a plumb line from as high a fixture as can be procured, 
with a heavy weight fastened to its lower end, and immersed in a ves- 
sel of water to steady it. A pole or piece of timber, projected from 
the second or third story of a house, may be used for the suspension 
of the plumb line ; or it may be suspended from a corner of the roof 
of a house, allowing a clear view from it for several degrees to the 
east of north. To the south of this plumb line, distant from it not 
more than four-fifths of its length, plant two posts, four feet high, 
and eight, ten or twelve feet apart from each other, in a line trans- 
verse to the meridian. To these fasten aboard or plank horizontally. 
When the time of observation approaches, keep a nail with its point 
on the edge of the board, in a range with the plumb line and the star, 
and when the star ceases its apparent movement to the east, fasten 
the nail to the board. The range of the nail with the plumb line 
will then be the azimuth line of the pole star in its greatest eastern 
elongation. 

The north polar distance of the pole star, for the beginning of this 
year (1834) is 1° 34' 34", which is diminished at the rate of nearly 
20 seconds a year. In September next it will be, to the nearest mi- 
nute, 1° 34'. From which, for the purpose of relieving observers 
from calculations, the following have been made of the greatest azi- 
muth of the pole star, in next September, within the latitudes of our 
State. In the latitude of 40° it will be 2° 03', to the nearest minute, 
to which is to be added one minute for every half degree of a higher 
latitude. Such are the calculated azimuths now, and they may be 
used for some years hence, without any important error in the results 
respecting the object in view. To make meridians for observatories 
would require a greater attention to minutiae. 

From the line of the observed azimuth, made in the manner before 
directed, an offset must be made, calculated from the azimuth angle 
thus found, to the point through which the true meridian is to be 
drawn, at the extreme ends of which, permanent monuments must be 
placed, from one of which observe the magnetic meridian to a point 
opposite to the other, and measure the distance between them. From 
this, calculate the angle between the true and the magnetic meridians. 

As an example, the following is given, of the manner in which a 
meridian line has been established at Ithaca, in September last. From 



60 

the corner of a brick building the azimuth Jine was ascertained, by 
observations made for two or three successive evenings, by a transit 
instrument, and from it an offset was made to the true meridian, calcu- 
lated to the azimuth angle of 2° 09'; through the points of this offset the 
true meridian was then drawn, from the place of observation, to the dis- 
tance of 1,568 feet, where a stone monument was placed. With a 
compass then set at the place of observation, the magnetic meridian 
was observed to a point opposite to this monument, and the distance 
between them measured, which was found to be 78.3 feet — From this 
and the 1,568 feet between the extreme ends of the meridian line, 
the difference was found, by trigonometrical calculation, to be 20° 
51' as the variation of the needle at Ithaca ; fractions of a minute be- 
ing rejected as unnecessary. 

Where meridian lines have been drawn from observation, however 
carefully made, it is recommended to have them re-examined by the 
prescribed rules ; for the requisite correctness cannot be expected 
from a single observation, nor ought a few additional ones to be relied 
on for perfect accuracy. 

When a plumb line is used, a light must be thrown on it, to render 
it visible, and a lantern advanced to the further end of the line of 
observation, to serve as an object, and to mark the spot where it ter- 
minates. 

To ascertain the fact that there is nothing about the place, by 
which the needle may be attracted, the compass must be set at differ- 
ent points on the meridian, in order to see that its bearings are uni- 
form. 

In a former circular an alternative was mentioned, as the means 
of establishing a true meridian, which was by the direction of the 
stars Alioth, and Gamma Cassiopeia:, when vertical ; but this method 
is not so much to be relied on, as that which has before been recom- 
mended, because of the difficulty of observing stars so far apart from 
each other, and the great altitude of one of them ; and since they 
move in opposite directions, because of the rapidity with which they 
will cross the same vertical line ; whereas the apparent motion of the 
pole star to the east or west, when near its greatest azimuth, will for 
some time be imperceptible, thereby affording some leisure for ensu- 
ring the correctness of the observation. 

The meridian line having been thus accurately and permanently 
fixed, (and this ought to be considered as an indispensable appendage 
to every college and academy,) observations should be made on it at 
least once in every year, in order to ascertain the difference between 
it and the magnetic meridian. For the sake of uniformity, let this 
be clone in October. 

These observations should be made early in the morning, for it is 
well known that the variation of the needle will be increased, some- 
times to the amount of 15 minutes, between sunrise and the middle 
of the afternoon, and that it will, before the next morning, return to 
its mean direction. 

Much useful information may be obtained by examining well 



6] 

marked lines of various ages, and comparing their present with their 
original magnetic bearings. 

The main object in making these observations being to ascertain 
the annual changes in the direction of the needle, it is important that 
the same compass be used at the same place, and that no other be 
substituted without comparing them with great care, and noticing the 
difference, if any be observable. Three compasses considered as 
good, were set on the meridian at Ithaca, and no two of them were 
found to agree by several minutes. It would be well to try several 
on every meridian, and select as the standard to be used, the one that 
may be considered the best. Where this is done, it ought to be no- 
ticed in the annual reports. 

The circular of last year on this subject concludes with the follow- 
ing remarks, which are now repeated, and urged with increased ear- 
nestness : 

" In regard to the subject now presented to your notice, the Regents 
claim no mandatory authority, especially over colleges ; it therefore 
comes to you as a recommendation that you will co-operate with those 
who preside over other institutions, for carrying into effect a measure 
deemed important for the promotion of science, and which may be 
considered of still greater importance in matters touching conflicting 
claims between individuals of our State. It is therefore hoped that, 
ifnpressed with a due sense of the general purposes for which the in- 
stitution over which you preside has been created, this representation, 
made on behalf of the Regents, may not be disregarded, and that 
hereafter they may be furnished by the colleges and academies, in 
their annual reports, with observations made by them on the direc- 
tion of the magnetic needle compared with that of the true meridian, 
and that a detailed account be given by each, of the manner in which 
its meridian line has been established." 

S. DE WITT, Chancellor. 



62 



VI. Distribution of the income of the Literature 
Fund and forms necessary to obtain the amount 
allotted to each Academy. 

The Literature Fund is now under the care and management of 
the Comptroller of the State, in the same manner as the Common 
School Fund. The apportionment or distribution of its income 
among academies, is made by the Regents of the University, annu- 
ally, on or before the 1st of March. As soon as the apportionment 
is made, it is published in the State paper for the time being, and 
certified by the Chancellor and Secretary of the University to the 
Comptroller, on whose warrant the amount apportioned to each aca- 
demy will be paid by the Treasurer of the State, on drafts or orders 
therefor drawn on him by the treasurers of the several academies ; 
such drafts or orders being accompanied by a proper certificate from 
the president or secretary of the academy, under its corporate seal, 
that the person signing the draft is the treasurer of the academy, 
duly appointed by the trustees thereof. The draft may be in the 
following form : 

To the Treasurer of the State of New- York. 

Pay to or order, the amount of money apportioned 

or to be apportioned during the present year, to Academy, 

by the Regents of the University, out of the income of the Litera- 
ture Fund. 

Dated, &c. A. B. Treasurer of Academy. 

State of New- York, ? gg 
County of ) 

It is hereby certified, that A. B. the person 
signing the above draft or order, is the treasurer of Academy, 

above named, duly appointed by the Trustees thereof ; and that the 
said draft was duly signed by him. 

In witness whereof, the corporate seal of said academy is hereon 
impressed, this day of, &c. 

r L . s."j CD. President or Secretary 

(as the case may be) of Academy. 

If there be no seal of the academy, that fact should be stated in 
the certificate. 



63 ' 

VII. Applications for money to purchase books 
and Apparatus. 

1. Law of the State. 

[See Title 1, Article 1, Section 27, at page 9 of these Instructions.] 

[This is the act passed April 22, 1834]. 

2. Ordinances and resolutions of the Regents. 
Ordinance passed May 1, ]834. 

The Regents of the University having been empowered by an act 
of the Legislature, " relating to the distribution and application of 
the revenues of the Literature Fund," passed April 22, 1834, to as- 
sign, in their discretion, to the several academies and schools subject 
to their visitation, certain parts of said revenue, not exceeding $250 
a year to any one of said academies and schools, to be applied to the 
purchase of text-books, maps and globes, or philosophical or chemi- 
cal apparatus, for the use of such academies and schools, subject to 
such rules and regulations as the said Regents shall prescribe : 

And it being provided by the said act, that no part of the moneys 
so to be assigned to any academy or school, shall be actually paid 
over to them, unless their trustees shall " raise and apply an equal 
sum of money to the same object," (which said provision, according 
+o the decision of the Regents heretofore made thereon, requires said 
sum to be raised from sources other than the corporate funds already 
possessed by said academies and schools :) 

And the trustees of sundry academies, in compliance with a reso- 
lution of the Regents, of the 25th of April, 1834, having signified 
their intention to raise and apply certain sums of money for the pur- 
poses contemplated by said act, in case they receive from the Regents 
an equal sum of money to be applied for the same purposes ; but no 
evidence having as yet been presented to the Regents, that the said 
sums of money so intended to be raised and applied by the said 
trustees, have been actually raised, or secured to be raised, in the 
manner required by the said act ; and the trustees of some of said 
academies, in declaring their intention to raise said sums of money 
having acted on the presumption that the same might be raised by an 
appropriation out of their existing corporate funds, which is contrary 
to the true intent and meaning of the said act, as understood and ad- 
judicated by the Regents : 

And it appearing to the Regents to be intended by the said act, 
that the books and apparatus to be purchased as therein contempla- 
ted, should be approved by them : 

Be it therefore ordained by the Regents of the University, 

First. That no part of the revenue of the Literature Fund, to be 
assigned to any academy or school for any of the purposes contem- 
plated by the said act, shall be paid over to such academy or school, 
until the trustees thereof shall certify and declare under their corpo- 
rate seal, that the money required by said act to be raised and ap- 



64 

plied by them for the same purposes, has been raised by contribution, 
donation, or from other sources independent of their own corporate 
property : That the same has been actually paid to their treasurer, or 
satisfactorily secured to be paid to him on demand therefor^ to be ap- 
plied for the purposes above mentioned, designating said purposes by 
specifying the particular books, maps and articles of apparatus pro- 
posed to be purchased by them. 

Second. Whenever (but not oftener than once a year, and during 
the annual session of the Regents,) the trustees of any such academy 
or school shall present to the Regents the certificate required by the 
preceding section of this ordinance, the Regents will, in case such 
certificate, or the matters therein contained be satisfactory to them, 
appropriate out of the revenue of the Literature Fund set apart for 
that purpose, (being the excess of said revenue over $12,000) so far 
as the same shall be sufficient for that purpose, after first satisfying 
and paying thereout the appropriation already made by them for the 
support of the departments for educating teachers of common schools 
established in certain academies, a sum of money equal to what shall 
appear from such certificate to be raised for the purposes therein spe- 
cified, (but not exceeding the amount allowed by said act,) to be ap- 
plied to the purchase of such books, maps and articles of apparatus 
as shall be specified in such certificate, or to the purchase of such 
other books, maps and articles of apparatus as the Regents shall de- 
signate and direct to be purchased in lieu thereof, or of part thereof; 
notice of the articles so to be designated and substituted being given 
to the said trustees. 

Third. Whenever any appropriation shall be made by the Regents 
pursuant to the provisions contained in the last preceding section of 
this ordinance, it shall be the duty of the Chancellor and Secretary of 
the University to certify the same to the Comptroller of the State, that 
the same may be paid by him according to the statute in such case 
made and provided. 

Ordinance jyassed May 10, 1836. 

The Regents, considering the amount of money already appropriated, 
and which may hereafter be appropriated, pursuant to their ordinance 
of the 1st May, 1834, and the act of the Legislature therein men- 
tioned, to sundry academies for the purchase of books and apparatus, 
and it appearing to them proper that more satisfactory evidence of 
the manner in which such money is expended should be furnished to 
them, Ordain, 

That the trustees of every academy to whom any money has been 
appropriated for the purposes above mentioned, be required to render 
in their next annual report to be made by them, a particular and spe- 
cific account of the manner in which' such money, together with the 
money raised by them for the like purposes, has been expended ; and 
that the trustees of every academy to whom any such money shall 
hereafter be appropriated for similar purposes, be required to render a 
like account of such expenditures in their annual report to be made 
by them next after receiving such money. 



65 

Resolutions passed June 7, 1839. 

Resolved, That whenever there shall be applications to this Board 
for appropriations of money to purchase books and apparatus, and 
there shall not be a sufficient amount on hand to grant all such appli- 
cationSj the preference shall be given to those academies which shall, 
at the time, have received the least amount from the literature fund 
for that purpose. 

Resolved, That whenever applications shall come before the Board 
at its first annual meeting, or any subsequent adjourned meeting, be- 
fore the annual report of the Board to the Legislature shall be adopt- 
ed, from academies which shall have received appropriations of money 
for the purchase of books and apparatus, such applications shall be 
reserved until the time, for the purpose of ascertaining whether other 
applications shall be made from academies not having received such 
appropriations. 

Resolutions passed April 5, 1842. 

Resolved^ That this Board will not hereafter make to any academy 
or school, any new appropriation of money for the purchase of books 
and apparatus, in pursuance of the statute of the 22d of April, 1834, 
until such academy or school shall have fully expended and satisfac- 
torily accounted for, all moneys previously appropriated by this Board 
to such academy or school j as well as the corresponding sums required 
to be raised by the academy or school for the same object. 

Resolved, That the first ordinance of the Regents, in relation to 
" applications for money to buy books and apparatus," be and the 
same is hereby amended, by striking out in the 8th and 9th lines 
thereof, the words " or satisfactorily secured to be paid to him on de- 
mand therefor." 

The form, of application is accordingly thus amended. 

3. Form of an application for money to purchase books and apparatus. 

To the Regents of the University of the State of New- York : 

" The trustees of Academy respectfully represent that they 

have raised, or caused to be raised, the sum of dollars, to be 

applied to the purchase of books and apparatus, pursuant to the act of 
the Legislature relating to the distribution and application of the reve- 
nues of the Literature Fund, passed April 22, 1834 ; that the said 
sum has been raised by donations or contributions from sources inde- 
pendent of their own corporate property ; that the same has been ac- 
tually paid to their treasurer ; that it is intended to apply the said 
sum of money, together with the money hereby applied for pursuant 
to said act, to the purchase of the books and articles of apparatus par- 
ticularly specified in the schedule hereunto annexed. 

The said trustees therefore hereby apply to the Regents of the 
University for an appropriation to the said academy of the sum of 
dollars out of the moneys mentioned in the said act, to be ap- 
plied, together with the like sum raised by them as above mentioned, 

9 



66 

to the purposes stated in said schedule, pursuant to the provisions of 
the act above referred to. 

Done by the trustees of said academy at a legal meeting held the 
day of &c. at which meeting the following named trus- 

tees were present, [state names,] and having been read and approved, 
it was duly adopted at said meeting as the application of said academy, 
and ordered (after being verified by the oath of the presiding officer 
at said meeting and recorded on the minutes of its proceedings) to be 
transmitted to the Regents of the University pursuant to the provisions 
of their ordinance in such case made and provided. 

All which is hereby done in obedience to said order this 
day of &c. 

A. B. President , or President pro tern., 

{as the case may be) 
of Academy. 

This application must be verified by the oath of the president or 
person presiding at the meeting of the trustees, when it was directed 
to be made. 

The Schedule 

Of books and apparatus proposed to be purchased must then be an- 
nexed. And in preparing it, classify the books proposed to be pur- 
chased thus : 

1. Books selected from the list prepared by the Regents. 

2. Books not taken from the Regents' list. 
Then 

3. Apparatus.* 

4. A form of a draft for money appropriated to an academy for the 

purchase of books and apparatus. 
To the Treasurer of the State of New- York : 

Pay to or order, the sum of dollars appropriated 

by the Regents of the University on the day of 

184 to Academy for the purchase of books and apparatus. 

Dated, &c. A. B. Treasurer of Academy. 

(This draft must be accompanied by a certificate in the form given 
on page 62) 

5. NOTES. 

1. The money in question must be raised from sources other than the corporate 
property of the academy. 

2. Cases have occurred where contributions of books, minerals, &c, have been 
claimed by academies as a sufficient compliance with the above requirements ; 
but the Regents have, in all such cases decided " that contributions made to 
academies for the purpose of enabling them to obtain appropriations of money 

* These applications should not be sent inclosed in or annexed to, the annual re- 
port, but separate and properly endorsed. The moneys are never granted until on 
or after the 1st of March, and the applications must therefore be received by at least 
the middle of February. 



G7 

from the State for the purchase of books and apparatus, must be made in actual 

money." 

3. In cases where academies, having raised certain sums of money for their 

general endowment, applied parts of it to the purchase of books and apparatus, 
and in consideration of having so applied it, petitioned for a like appropriation 
from the Regents for the like purpose, the petition has in all such cases been de- 
nied ; the Regents having decided, " that all contributions for such purposes 
shall be made with special reference to some intended application to the Regents 
for a like appropriation, and in consideration thereof ." 

4. The act of the Legislature of the 22d of April, 1834, under which applica- 
tions for appropriations of money for the purchase of books and apparatus are 
made, having provided that the money obtained on such applications shall be ap- 
plied, under the direction of the Regents, to the purchase of " text-books, maps, 
globes, &c. ; and some academies having understood the words " text-books," as 
used in the act, to mean class-books, or books required for actual use in academic 
classes, it became necessary for the Regents, in exercise of the discretion con- 
ferred on them by this act, to give a construction to the words "text-books." 
They accordingly, in 1835, gave such a construction to the words, as to in- 
clude under them all standard books, whether designed for use as class or text 
books, or otherwise. In their report to the Legislature for 1835, the Regents 
stated their reasons for giving a construction to the words above referred to, be- 
yond what their strict literal import would seem to warrant. 

5. The books proposed to be purchased must be classified as above directed. 
Several applications have been returned for amendment in consequence of inat- 
tention to this. 

6. Recommendation of books and apparatus to be purchased by academies. 

Several academies having, in their applications for money to purchase books 
and apparatus, requested the Regents to designate the particular books and articles 
of apparatus most suitable for them to purchase, it was referred by the Regents 
to their standing committee on the appropriation of money for the purchase of 
books and apparatus to make, in all such cases, the designation requested. 

Mr. Dix, as chairman of the committee above referred to, has, with the appro- 
bation of the other members of the committee, prepared, in pursuance of the 
above order of reference, a list of books recommended by them, which is here 
published for the information of academies. 

Rooks. 

The following list is furnished for the purpose of indicating the kinds of books 
which the Regents of the University consider proper to constitute libraries for 
the academies ; but it is not intended to restrict the academies exclusively to 
this list in making their selections. If other books are desired, the propriety of 
allowing them to be purchased will be determined by the Board when applica- 
tions for the appropriation of money for the purpose shall be made. In the cata- 
logues accompanying all such applications, the selection from the following lists 
will be distinguished from selections not made from it, by placing them in diffe- 
rent columns, with these captions, viz : 



68 

1 . Books selected from the list prepared by the Regents. 

2. Books not taken from the Regents' list. 

THEOLOGY AND ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 

Chalmers' Evidences and Authority of Christian Revelation. 

Butler's Analogy. 

Burnet's History of the Reformation. 

Hannah Adams' View of all Religions.. 

Josephus' Works. 

Watson's Apology. 

Paley's Evidences of Christianity. 

Pilgrim's Progress. 

Wollaston's Religion of Nature. 

Buck's Theological Dictionary. 

Paley's Natural Theology. 

Mcllvaine's Evidences of Christianity. 

Prideaux's Connections. 

HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES. 

Bancroft's History of the United States. 

Ramsay's History of the United States. 

Grahame's History of the United States. 

Botta's History of the American Revolution. 

Hume's History of England, with Smollett and Bissett's Continuation. 

Goldsmith's History of England. 

Mackintosh's History of the Revolution of 1688. 

Russell's History of Ancient and Modern Europe. 

Mavor's Universal History. 

Gibbon's Roman Empire. 

Ferguson's Roman Republic. 

Goldsmith's History of Rome. 

Niebuhr's History of Rome. 

Sparks' American Biography. 

Gillies' History of the World, from Alexander to Augustus. 

Gillies' History of Greece. 

Mavor's History of Greece. 

Rollin's Ancient History. 

Tytler's Universal History. 

Robertson's History of America. 

Robertson's History of Scotland. 

Robertson's History of India. 

Robertson's History of Charles V. 

Millott's Ancient and Modern History. 

Hallam's History of the Middle Ages. 

Belknap's History of New-Hampshire. 

Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts. 

Smith's History of New-York. 

Eastman's History of New-York. 

Smith's History of New-Jersey. 

Trumbull's History of Connecticut. 

Keith's History of Virginia. 

Williamson's History of North-Carolina. 

Williams' History of Vermont. 

Bozman's History of Maryland. 

Watson's Life of Philip II. 

Watson's Life of Philip III. 

De Stael on the French Revolution. 

Heeren's Historical Works. 

Bolingbroke's Letters on History. 

Botta's Italy under Napoleon. 

Gordon's History of Ireland, 



t>9 

Code's Continuation of Russell. 

Molina's History of Chili. 

Southey's History of Brazil. 

Mill's History of Chivalry. 

Mill's History of the Crusades. 

Murphy's Tacitus. 

Thompson's Suetonius. 

Hampton's Polybius. 

Athens, its Rise and Fall, by Bulwer. 

Wheaton's History of the Northmen. 

Lee's Memoirs of the War in the Southern States. 

Schiller's Thirty Years' War in Germany. 

Kennet's Roman Antiquities. 

Adam's Roman Antiquities. 

Potter's Grecian Antiquities. 

Archaeologia Americana. 

Marshall's Life of Washington. 

Sparks' Life of Washington. 

Ramsay's Life of Washington. 

Life of Lafayette. 

Franklin's Life and Essajs 

Irving's Life of Columbus. 

Middleton's Life of Cicero. 

Wirt's Life of Patrick Henry. 

Voltaire's Lfie of Peter the Great. 

Voltaire's Life of Charles XII. 

Plutarch's Lives. 

Prescott's History of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

Cooper's History of the Navy. 

Boswell's Life of Johnson. 

Biography of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence. 

Lempriere's Universal Biography. 

Elliot's American Biographical Eictiooary. 

Labaume's Campaign of Napoleon in Russia. 

Sully's Memoirs. 

JURISPRUDENCE, POLITICS AND COMMERCE. 

Secret Debates in the Convention of the United States. 

Beck's Medical Jurisprudence. 

Blackstone's Commentaries. 

Kent's Commentaries. 

Federalist. 

Debates in the New-York Convention. 

Diplomacy of the United States. 

Millar's View of the English Government. 

Everett's Europe. 

Everett's America. 

Ferguson's Civil Society. 

Junius, (Woodfall's.) 

Malthus on Population. 

Malthus on Political Economy. 

Debates in the Massachusetts Convention. 

Debates in the Virginia Convention. 

Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws. 

Aristotle's Ethics and Politics, (Gillies' Translation.] 

Puffendorf's Law of Nature and Nations. 

Ricardo's Political Economy. 

Say's Political Economy. 

Vethake's Political Economy. 

Wayland's Political 1 conomy. 

McVickar's Political Economy. 

Vattell's Law of Nations. 



70 

Grotius. 

Washington's Letters. 

Lord Brougham's Speeches. 

Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, [McCulloch's Edition.] 

Bentham on Morals and Legislation. 

Constitutions of the States. 

Miss Martineau's Illustration's of Political Economy. 

The Madison Papers. 

De Tocqueville. 

PERIODICAL AND COLLECTIVE WORKS. 

Silliman's Journal. 

Encyclopoedia Americana. 

Nicholson's Encyclopaedia. 

Treasury of Knowledge. 

Annals of Education. 

The Cultivator. 

Harper's Classical Series. 

Harper's Family Library. 

So much of Harper's Common School Library as is not included in the 

the Family Library. 
Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia. 
Library of Entertaining Knowledge. 
The Penny Cyclopaedia. 
The Penny Magazine. 
The Library of Useful Knowledge, now publishing in numbers, 

ARTS AND SCIENCES, 
Including Natural, Philosophy, Natural History, &c. 

Brande's Dissertation on Chemical Philosophy. 

Emerson's Mechanics. 

Ferguson's Astronomy. 

Good's Book of Nature. 

Haines on the New-York Canals. 

Keith on the Globes. 

Nicholson's Natural Philosophy, 

Playfair's History of Natural Philosophy. 

Rumford's Essays. 

Chemistry applied to Agriculture. 

Bakewell's introduction to Geology. 

How to observe — Geology. 

De la Beche's Geological Manual. 

Cuvier's Animal Kingdom. 

Arnott's Physics. 

Bridgewater Treatises. 

Cleveland's Mineralogy. 

Bigelow's Technology. 

Lyell's Geology. 

Phillips' Guide to Geology. 

Peale's Graphics. 

Yale College Mathematics. 

Cambridge Mathematics. 

Hutton's Mathematics. 

Bourdon's Algebra, by Davies. 

Davies' Mathematical Works. 

Gibson's Surveying. 

Gummere's Surveying. 

Olmsted's Philosophy. 

Cambridge Course of Philosophy. 

Webster's Manual of Chemistry. 

Parkes' Chemical Catechism. 

Beck's Chemistry. 



71 

Burritt's Geography of the Heavens. 
Wallace on the Globes. 
Way land's Moral Philosophy. 
Parkhurst's Moral Philosophy. 
Upham's Intellectual Philosophy. 
Scientific Class Book. 
Enfield's Philosophy. 
Comstock's Mineralogy. 

" Botany. 

" Chemistry. 

" Natural Philosophy. 

Smellie's Philosophy of Natural History. 
Cuvier's Revolutions of the Globe. 

Theory of the Earth. 
Shepard's Mineralogy. 
Cousin's History of Philosophy. 

Laplace's Mechanique Celeste, (Translated by Bowditch.) 
Newton's Principia. 
Nuttal's Ornithology. 
Wilson's Ornithology. 
Bowditch's Navigation. 
Whateley's Logic and Rhetoric. 
Ure's Chemical and Mineralogical Dictionary. 
Sir Humphrey Davy's Elements of the Philosophy of Chemistry. 
Rush on the Human Voice. 
Beck's Botany. 
Dana's Mineralogy. 
Sganzin's Civil Engineering. 
Hassler's Mathematical Tables. 
Farrar's Electricity and Magnetism. 
Godman's Natural History. 

VOYAGES AND TRAVELS, GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL 

WORKS. 

Bruce's Travels in Abyssinia. , 

Park's Travels in Africa. 

Lewis and Clarke's Travels to the Pacific Ocean. 

Pitkin's Statistical View of the United States. 

Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains. 

Parry's First, Second and Third Voyages. 

Shaler's Sketch of Algiers. 

Anson's Voyage round the World. 

Boswell's Tour to the Hebrides. 

Chateaubriand's Travels in Greece and Egypt. 

Clarke's Travels in Russia. 

Travels in Greece, Egypt and Holy Land. 
Cook's Voyages. 
Belzoni's Travels in Egypt. 
Eustace's Classical Tour through Italy. 
Forsyth's Italy. 
John Bell's Italy. 

Franklin's Journey to the Polar Sea. 
^Russell's Tour in Germany. 
Heber's Travels in India. 

Humboldt's Personal Narrative of his Travels in South America 
Lady Morgan's Italy. 
Jefferson's Notes on Virginia. 
Johnson's Journey to the Hebrides. 
Malcolm's Sketches of Persia. 
Mavor's Collection of Voyages aud Travels. 
Poinsett's Notes on Mexico. 
Lempriere's Tour in Morocco. 



72 

Porter's Travels in Russia and Sweden. 

Schoolcraft's Travels in the Northwest Regions of the United States. 

Travels in the Valley of the Mississippi. 
Silliman's Travels in England, Scotland and Holland. 
Carter's Letters from Europe. 
Hobhouse's Albania. 
Lamartine's Pilgrimage. 
Laborde's Petroea. 
Incidents of Travel in Egypt, &c. 
Captain Back's Expedition. 
Amherst's Embassy to China. 
A Year in Spain. 
Barrow's Visit to Iceland. 
Dwight's Travels in Germany. 

Woodbridge and Willard's Ancient and Modern Geography. 
Malte-Brun's Geography. 
Balbi's Geography. 

Brooks and Marshall's Universal Gazetteer. 
Simond's Switzerland. 
Gordon's Gazetteer of New-York. 
Henderson's Residence in Iceland. 
Ellis's Polynesian Researches. 
Laing's Voyage to Norway 

POETRY, 

Shakspeare. 

Milton's Poetical Works. 
Pope's Homer. 
Dryden's Virgil. 
Thomson's Seasons 
Beattie's Minstrel. 
Cowper's Poetical Works. 
Falconer's Poems, 
Young's Poems. 
Pope's Works. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Alison on Taste. 

Anatomy of Melancholy. 

Addison's Works. 

Campbell's Philosophy of Rhetoric. 

British Prose Writers. 

Bacon's Essays. 

Beattie's Elements of Moral Science. 

Blair's Lectures. 

Burke on the Sublime and Beautiful. 

Paley's Moral and Political Philosophy. 

Burgh's Dignity of Human Nature. 

Washington Irving's Works. 

D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature. 

Diversions of Purley. 

Kames' Elements of Criticism. 

Williston's Eloquence of the United States. 

Guardian. 

Germany, by Madame De Stael. 

Harris' Hermes. 

Hazlitt's Eloquence of the British Senate. 

Locke's Works. 

Lacon. 

Melmoth's Pliny. 

Spectator. 



73 

Sismondi's Literature of the South of Europe 

Stewart's Philosophy 

Reid's Philosophy. 

Brown's Philosophy. 

Dunlop's History of Roman Literature, 

Smith's Moral Sentiments. 

Telemachus. 

Johnson's Works. 

Goldsmith's Works. 

Phillips, Curran and Grattan, 

Chatham, Burke and Erskine. 

Public Instruction in Prussia. 

Rush on the Mind. 

Seneca's Morals. 

Crabbe's Synonymes. 

Webster's Philosophical Grammar. 

Newman's Rhetoric. 

Johnson's Dictionary. 

Abbott's Teacher. 

Letters to a Student in the First Stages of Education. 

Spurzheim's Elementary Principles of Education. 

Edgeworth on Practical Education. 

Lectures on School keeping by Emerson Davis. 

Hall's Lectures on School-keeping. 

Student's Manual. 

Lectures before the American Institute. 

Historical Description of the First Public School in Hartford. 

Babington on Education. 

Education «»f Children, by John Hall. 

Grimke's Reflections on the Objecis of Science. 

Young Man's Guide. 

Wood's Account of Edinburgh Sessional School. 

Taylor's District School. 

Schoolmaster's Friend and Committee-man's Guide. 

Teacher's Guide. 

Library of Education. 

Manual of Classical Literature. 

Combe on Health and Education. 

Young Citizen's Manual. 

Wayland's Human Responsibility. 

St. Pierre's Studies of Nature. 

Anacharsis' Travels. 

Drake's Essays on the Spectator, &c. 

Hints on Education, by Wines. 

Cousin's State of Education in Holland. 

Simpson on Popular Education. 

Crombie's Etymology and Syntax of the English Language. 

Means and Ends, or Self-training, by Miss Sedgwick, 

Guizot's History of Civilization in Europe. 

Cousin's History of Philosophy. 

Apparatus. 

The following articles of philosophical, chemical, and mechanical apparatus, 
&c. are recommended for the use of academies, in the order in which they are 
enumerated, that is, their relative values, as estimated by the committee, are in- 
dicated by the numbers prefixed to them in the list ; so (hat where the funds of 
an academy will only admit of the purchase of a part of the articles enumerated, 
those first named may be first purchased. 

1. Globes, terrestrial and celestial, Maps, &c. 

2. Instruments for Surveying. 

10 



74 



3. Air Tump. 

4. Chemical apparatus. 

5. The Mechanical powers and Hydrostatical apparatus, 

6. A Telescope and Quadrant. 

7. Electrical apparatus. 

8. Orrery and Moveable Planisphere. 

9. Numeral frame and Geometrical solids. 
10. Tide dial, &c. 



75 



VIII, Delegation of the powers of Trustees of 
Academies. 

At a meeting of the Regents of the University, held March 31, 1840, 
Mr. Dix, from the committee to whom it was referred to prepare and 
submit to the board, the draft of an ordinance defining the conditions 
on which Academies are to receive future shares in the distribution of 
the income of the literature fund, submitted the following report 
which the committee deemed proper to accompany the draft of the 
ordinance prepared by them in obedience to the said reference. 

REPORT. 

By the annual reports of the academies, on which the last distribu- 
tion of the incdme of the literature fund was founded, it appears that 
the trustees of several institutions have rented the buildings erected 
for their use to particular individuals, for stated periods, and have 
surrendered into the hands of such individuals, to a greater or less 
extent, the management of the affairs of those institutions, in respect 
to the employment and compensation of teachers aud the course of 
education therein. In most of the cases, in which such contracts have 
been made, the persons to whom the academic buildings have been 
leased, have taken charge of them as principals, and have had the 
general direction of the affairs of the institutions, receiving the fees of 
tuition and the sum apportioned to them from the income of the lite- 
rature fund, agreeing to sustain any loss arising from the inadequacy 
of the revenue to the expenditure, and sometimes paying a stipulated 
yearly rent to the trustees. In some instances, the right of prescrib- 
ing the course of discipline and study has been surrendered to such 
persons by the trustees. 

The committee consider this practice directly at variance with the 
design of these institutions, and with the peculiar organization which 
the law has given them. The trustees are intended as a board for the 
regulation of all that concerns their internal arrangement, and for the 
management of their fiscal affairs. Their duties are essentially of a 
public nature ; and it is in view of the public benefits which are ex- 
pected to flow from the judicious management of these institutions 
that they are allowed to participate in the distribution of the public 
moneys. If they are mismanaged, the trustees should be responsible. 
Yet, if the academic buildings are leased, and the lessee authorized to 
employ and regulate the compensation of teachers, and prescribe the 
course of study, it is manifest that the responsibility of any failure on 
the part of the institutions to accomplish the objects for which they 
were created, is virtually transferred from the trustees, their legal ma- 
nagers and guardians, to the lessee, whose private interests may not 
always correspond with those of the public. 

By the Revised Statutes, vol. 1, page 462, sec. 42, (ed. of 1829,) 



76 

the trustees of the academies are authorized "to direct and prescribe 
the course of discipline and study in the academy ;" " to appoint a 
treasurer, clerk, principal, masters, tutors, and other necessary offi- 
cers of the academy ; who, unless employed under a special contract, 
shall hold their offices during the pleasure of the trustees ;" to ascer- 
tain and fix the salaries of all the officers of the academy," &c. 

It appears to the committee that these are trusts which cannot be di- 
vested or delegated by those to whom the law has confided them. This 
principle seems to have been settled by the court of chancery in the 
case of the Auburn Academy, reported in 1 Hopkins, 276. In accor- 
dance with this construction of the law, the committee regard all con- 
tracts between the trustees of an academy and individuals, by which 
the power of appointing teachers and fixing their compensation, and of 
regulating the course of discipline and study in the academy is surren- 
dered, as a violation of their trust, which ought to exclude every such 
academy from a participation in the annual distribution of the revenue 
of the literature fund. The committee also deem it of the utmost im- 
portance that the tuition fees to be paid by students should be fixed by 
the trustees. Although this duty is not expressly enjoined on them by 
statute, it results from the nature of their trust, and it cannot be dele- 
gated to others consistently with the responsibility of managing the 
pecuniary concerns of the institution under their charge so as to ac- 
complish the public objects for which it was created. The public 
moneys annually appropriated for the support of the academies are to 
be applied to the payment of the wages of teachers. The object of 
such application is to reduce the rate of tuition fees, and to bring 
these institutions within the reach of a greater number of persons. 
This important object may be wholly defeated by surrendering to the 
principals the right of regulating the charges for tuition, as their inte- 
rest is to obtain the highest possible rates and thus increase their own 
compensation. The same public considerations which render it pro- 
per for trustees of academies to retain in their own hands the right of 
fixing tuition fees also dictate that the entire control of the academic 
buildings should not be surrendered to third persons. 

The committee submit the draft of an ordinance in conformity to 
the foregoing views — .(which was duly adopted.) 

An Ordinance concerning the Delegation by Trustees of Academies to 
third persons, of the powers conferred on said Trustees by law. 

The Regents of the University having ascertained from the reports 
of some of the academies subject to their visitation, that the practice 
has to some extent existed of renting the academic buildings to third 
persons as principals, and delegating to them the power of employing 
teachers, fixing the compensation of such teachers, regulating the 
charges for tuition, and prescribing the course of study and discipline, 

Do ORDAIN AND DECLARE, 

That all contracts between the trustees of an academy and third 
persons, which divest the former of their power of controlling the 
academic building, or by which the right of prescribing the course of 



77 

discipline and study, of employing teachers and fixing their compen- 
sation, or regulating the charges for tuition, is delegated to such third 
persons, are in violation of the trust with which said trustees are in- 
vested by law ; and that no academy, the trustees of which shall make 
such a contract, shall be allowed, during the continuance of the con- 
tract, a distributive share of the literature fund. But this ordinance 
is not intended to restrain such trustees from leasing buildings be- 
longing to the academies under their charge, which have been erected 
or purchased for other purposes than those of study and recitation. 
A true copy. 

GIDEON HAWLEY, 

Secretary of the University. 



IX. Incorporation of Colleges. 

On the 20th day of May, 1836, the following ordinance, relative 
to the incorporation of colleges was adopted : 

ORDINANCE. 

1 . Resolved. That every future application that may be made by 
a citizen or citizens, or bodies corporate in this State, to the Regents 
of the University, for the purpose of founding a college within this 
State, under the sixth section of the act passed 5th April, 1813, en- 
titled u An act relative to the University," shall satisfactorily exhibit 
to the Regents, that it is the intention of such founder or founders to 
provide a fund of at least $100,000 to be invested in bonds and 
mortgages, on unincumbered real estate, within the jurisdiction of 
this State, and such investment to continue for at least five years from 
the time of such endowment : such real estate to be worth at least, 
by its estimated value, twice the amount of the money so secured 
thereon ; and also to provide for such proposed college a suitable lot 
or lots, with a building or buildings erected or to be erected thereon, 
which shall have cost or will cost such founder or founders at least 
the sum of $30,000 ; or which shall reasonably be worth that sum ; 
and that before any ordinance shall be passed by the Regents for a 
charter to be granted for the incorporation of such college, the Re- 
gents shall be satisfied that such endowment has been fully made, 
agreeably to the provisions of this ordinance. 

2. That in any case in which it shall otherwise appear to the Re- 
gents of the University, that the state of literature in any academy 
is so far advanced, that it might be expedient that a president should 
be appointed for such academy, agreeably to the provisions of the 
seventeenth section of the act aforesaid ; yet the Regents will not in 
such case deem the funds of such academy sufficient for such pur- 
pose, nor will they in any such case signify their approbation thereof, 
under their common seal, unless the funds belonging to and held by 
the trustees of such academy for the exclusive use and benefit thereof 
shall be proved satisfactorily to the Regents, to be worth at least 
$130,000, including the fair value of the real estate, the buildings 
erected thereon, and the funds invested, which may yield a revenue 
to such academy. 

A true copy. 

G. HAWLEY, Secretary. 



79 



X. Incorporation of Select Schools. 
LAWS OF THE STATE. 

From there, see page 15 of these instructions. 

Ordinance of the Regents respecting the incorporation of Select 
Schools, adopted May 4, 1841. 

The founders and benefactors of any select school, desiring to have 
the same incorporated, under the sixth article of the first title and 
fifteenth chapter of the first part of the Revised Statutes, are to make 
an application for that purpose, to the Regents of the University, in 
the following manner. 

1. The application must be in writing, and must be subscribed by 
as many of the founders as shall have contributed more than one- 
half of the property collected or appropriated for the use of said 
school. 

2. It must nominate the first trustees, who ought not to exceed 
twelve in number. 

3. It must specify the name by which the corporation is to be 
called. 

4. The property collected or appropriated for the use of the school 
must be particularly described, with the estimated value of each item, 
and the property and funds contributed must amount to at least $1,000. 

5. The course of studies and the system of instruction, intended 
to be pursued, must be specified. 

6. There must be an affidavit annexed to the application by two 
or more of the applicants, sworn to and subscribed before some offi- 
cer authorized to take affidavits, to be read in courts of record of this 
State, stating that the same is made by as many founders of such 
school as have contributed more than one-half of the property col- 
lected or appropriated for its use, and that the facts set forth in the 
application are true. 

7. In case the Regents conceive a compliance with such request 
will be conducive to the diffusion of useful knowledge, they will de- 
clare their approbation of the incorporation of such school. 



XI. Departments in Academies for the education of 
Common School Teachers. 

(The instructions under this head are omitted, as they are inopera- 
tive in consequence of the establishment of the Normal School.) 



APPENDIX. 



The following highly important observations, by Mr. Hawley, late 
Secretary, and now a Regent of the University, on certain branches 
of education in academies, are reprinted from the last edition of the 

" Instructions." 



In the preceding editions of these Instructions, the Secretary of the 
University, availing himself of the opportunities they presented for 
cultivating a more intimate relation, and establishing a more enlarged 
correspondence with the academies addressed by him, invited the spe- 
cial attention of their trustees and teachers to certain suggestions or 
inquiries, arranged under the following general heads. 

Extent of Elementary Studies. 

There is reason to believe that in some academies the elementary 
branches of education, such as reading and writing, considered as arts 
to be perfected by practice, and orthography considered as a subject of 
knowledge to be acquired by study, are practically, if not avowedly, 
treated as matters of too humble a rank for academic study ; it being- 
understood to be presumed, that such inferior branches of education 
have been sufficiently attended to in common schools, whose peculiar 
province it is to instruct in them. And such a presumption must be ad- 
mitted to be reasonable to a certain extent ; as all students who are pur- 
suing subjects of study appropriate for an academy, must of necessity 
have passed through the customary course of a common school educa- 
tion, in which reading, writing and spelling must have formed a neces- 
sary part. But it does not therefore follow that these elementary 
branches of education are not to be any longer cultivated in academies ; 
for whatever proficiency in them may have been made by scholars in the 
early stages of their education, if their knowledge of them be not kept 
alive, and matured by repeated exercise, during almost the whole pe- 
riod of their minority, they will probably lose much of the benefit of 
their early acquirements. In this view of the subject, it becomes desi- 
rable that the trustees should state in their report, how far exercises in 
reading, writing and spelling, are required of the higher classes in their 
academy. The information desired of them can readily be obtained 



81 

from their teachers, and it is hoped it will not be withheld, either on ac- 
count of the trouble of procuring it, or any supposed immateriality of 
it when procured. * 

Pronunciation of the English Language. 

The trustees or teachers of academies, are also requested to state in 
their report, under the general head of remarks above referred to, what 
degree of attention is paid in their academy to the correct pronunciation 
of the English language, and what standard of pronunciation is adopt- 
ed by them. If the established rules of pronunciation be taught theo- 
retically, and all errors in the practical application of them, occurring 
in the ordinary recitations of scholars, and in their daily intercourse 
with their teachers, be promptly and openly corrected as often as they 
occur ; and especially if such a course be pursued, where it is most need- 
ed, in the use of proper names of persons and places, there is no doubt 
that every scholar of ordinary aptitude for learning, would, in an or- 
dinary course of academic education, acquire a practical knowledge of 
correct pronunciation, which growing finally into an involuntary habit, 
he would carry with him through life. Such an acquisition would 
certainly be of great value, although if gained in the way here sug- 
gested, it would cost nothing in money, and very little in time ; and 
scholars thus educated would not exhibit (what has sometimes been 
witnessed in others to the great disparagement of their teachers,) the 
discreditable contrast of being always able, and sometimes ambitious, 
to detect the slightest shade of error in quality or accent of Latin and 
Greek words, which they will probably seldom, if ever, have occasion 
to use in after life ; while they are unable to detect in others, and 
commit daily in themselves, the grossest errors in the pronunciation 
of words in their own language of the most daily use. 

Subjects of Study. 

In respect to the subjects of study proper to be taught in academies, 
the Secretary, without pretending to claim any right to speak authori- 
tatively, and certainly without wishing to obtrude his own opinion on 
others, hopes it will not be thought either out of time or place, for 
him to suggest, that as the current of public sentiment has, for many 
years, been setting gradually but irresistibly in favor of a course of 
education more and more practical than any before established, it would 
be desirable, as it would tend to promote the popular cause of prac- 
tical education, if the trustees and teachers of academies were to state 
whether, in the course of instruction established by them, (particular- 
ly in reference to students who are not expected to extend their studies 
beyond the limits of an ordinary academic education,) any, and what, 

*In Hie Albany Academy, exercises in spelling are required as a part of the regular 
course of study in the lower departments, and as often as at least once a week, in (he 
higher departments . Reading and writing a^e also particularly attended to, especially the 
latter; as a good handwriting, whether considered asa polite accomplishment, or a prac- 
tical art, increases in value as society advances in civilization and refinement. Consider- 
ed as an art, the demand for it in this country is already so great, that it will at any time 
supply to its possessor (in case his other reliances fail him) the place of an actual capital 
yielding a competent and respectable livelihood. The saving of lime in reading what is 
well, compared with what is poorly written, is so great, that it is considered good 
economy to pay an extra sum for srood writing . 

11 



82 

discrimination is made by them, in the various subjects of academic 
study, between what is most and what is least practical. * 

The information received from several academies in answer to the 
preceding inquiries, as well as their own suggestions on the various 
subjects proposed for their consideration, having subserved the very 
useful purpose of communicating from one academy to another 
(through the medium of the published reports of the Regents of the 
University) any peculiar views entertained, or any special improve- 
ments made or suggested by them on the subject of education, it oc- 
curred to the Secretary of the University, while preparing the last 
edition of these instructions, that similar inquiries might, with a pros- 
pect of similar success, be extended to various other subject matters 
not less worthy of notice than those already enumerated. The limits, 
however, necessarily prescribed to him on that, as on the present oc- 
casion, have not permitted such inquiries to be extended beyond one 
or two topics. 

* To illustrate what is here meant by practical subjects of study, the following remarks 
are submitted : 

The study of Roman antiquities, including whatever of constitutional law Rome pos- 
sessed, with a minute description of manners, customs, habits, ceremonies, &c„ has long 
been pursued in many of our academies and higher seminaries of learning, and the time 
commonly spent on tliem is greater than would be required to study the great principles 
of our own constitutional law, with selected parts of our civil jurisprudence most ap- 
plicable to the common concerns of life, such as the solemnities required in wills and 
other instruments, the proceedings necessary to charge endorsers of promissory notes, 
the statute of limitations, the law of inheritance, the recording act, the common school 
and highway acts, the right of suffrage and the principles of the election law, with the 
duties required by law from state, county and town officers, and such other matters as are 
of like applicability to the daily occurrences in common life. A general knowledge of 
these latter subjects of study would certainly reward the student with much greater bene- 
fits in after life than any thing to be obtained from the study of Grecian or Roman antiqui- 
ties. Yet it not unfrequently happens that scholars who spend quarter after quarter in the 
study of such antiquities, and who are familiar with their minutiae, can answer hardly any 
of the most important questions on our own constitutional law and practical civil juris- 
prudence. The antiquated constitutions, laws, manners and customs of Greece and Rome, 
are made subjects of regular study, and cultivated with great assiduity, in several of our 
academies, while the study of the living practical subjects of our own constitutional law, 
and the every day occurring principles of our civil jurisprudence, is not admitted as a 
part of the academic course. ; 

I am not to be understood as intending to disparage the study of Grecian or Roman an- 
tiquities, where the student of them is preparing for a liberal education, or aspires to be- 
come a man of learning. To such, the study is indispensable; and to all students of the 
Latin or Greek language, however limited may be their views, the study is proper, as 
tending to illustrate the authors read by them ; and indeed, a general knowledge of the an- 
tiquities of Greece and Rome, would be commendable under any circumstances, as it 
would greatly facilitate the study of Ancient History, and every thing connecteil with an- 
tiquity. But it does appear to me, that the study of our own constitutional law and prac- 
tical civil jurisprudence, ought to precfde, or be concomitant with, that of Grecian and 
Roman antiquities; and for the same reason, that the necessaries of life are first to be se- 
cured before" its luxuries are to be sought for; and if a student be so restricted in time, 
that only one of these subjects of study can be attended to, the former should always be 
preferred to the latter, instead of the latter being (as is sometimes the case,) studied to the 
exclusion of the former. 

Until recently, we have not had suitable books for the study of the practical subjects 
above referred to; but a compendious treatise on the outlines of constitutional law, pre- 
pared by W. A. Duer, LL. D., President of Columbia college, and late a Regent of the 
University for the use of academies ; and a more recent treatise, under the name of " The 
Youn 3- Citizens' Manual, being a digest of the laws of the State of New- York, and of 
the United States, relating to crimes and their punishments, and of such other parts of the 
laws of the State of New- York relating to the ordinary business of social life, as are most 
necessary to be generally known, with explanatory remarks," prepared by Alfred Conk- 
lin"- Judge of the district court of the United States for the Northern District of New- 
York are now before the public, and favorably known as school books. A small treatise 
on the duties of state, county and town officers, prepared and published at Utica, is also 
before the public, and with the like favorable reputation. The books above referred to 
have all been introduced into the Albany Academy as text or elass books, for the study of 



83 

Physical Edxication. 

Education considered in its most extensive sense, that of being a 
process for improving individuals of the human species to the full ex- 
tent of their capabilities, includes physical as well as intellectual or 
moral improvement. According to the best established thoeries on 
the subject, education is held to be properly divisible, and is now 
commonly divided into three great departments, distinguished in refe- 
rence to their different subject matters, into physical, moral and intel- 
lectual. Of these several departments, the intellectual being consider- 
ed the most appropriate, if not the most important, for public instruc- 
tion, has always received, and will doubtless continue to receive in 
all public institutions, much the greatest share of public attention. 
Until recently, indeed, in most of our academies, as well as colleges, 
intellectual was cultivated to the almost total neglect of physical, if 
not of moral education. But since the principles of Physiology, as 
applied to the human system, have been more thoroughly investigated, 
and their value more justly and generally appreciated, physical edu- 
cation, which depends on the knowledge of such principles, has risen 
in public estimation to a much higher rank than it formerly held. A 
knowledge of the laws of health or of the means of preserving it, 
which was once chiefly confined and thought properly to belong to 
physicians only, has finally found its way into many of our public 
schools, where it is now 7 cultivated as a regular branch of public in- 
struction. 

To cure disease is admitted to be the peculiar office of a physician ; 
and no encroachment on his professional province in that respect is in- 
tended or ought to be allowed ; but to prevent disease, w T hich ordina- 
rily consists only in knowing and obeying the laws of health, or in 
fulfilling the conditions prescribed for its enjoyment, is not a matter 
of like professional or exclusive monopoly. Nor is it so considered 
by physicians, many of whom are among the most strenuous advocates 
for making Physiology and particularly that part of it which relates 

the subjects to which they relate, and which have for some time been considered as inte- 
gral parts of the regular course of study pursued in that institution. 

In almost all the higher branches of education taught in our academies, there are parts 
immediately applicable to the practical purposes of life, while other parts, although not 
altogether inapplicable to those purposes, are of an abstruse or speculative character; be» 
ing designed rather to gratify a taste for philosophical or abstract inquiry, than to subserve 
any very useful or practical purpose. They are all proper subjects of study, without much 
discrimination, where students have time enough to attend to them, and have already at- 
tended to the more practical parts. But students who are restricted in time, as happens 
probably to a majority in our academies, and whose great object is to acquire knowledge 
which will best subserve their future purposes of life, should carefully discriminate, or 
rather their teachers should discriminate for them, between what is practical and what is 
abstruse or speculative. 

To the objection urged against the study of the abstruse or mere speculative parts of sci- 
ence, the answer commonly given is, that the object of such study is not so much to acquire 
useful knowledge as to exercise and improve the understanding of the learner. But this 
answer, although it meets the objection in part, does not satisfy or remove it, for while 
the fact of such exercise and improvement be not denied, it is equally undeniable that the 
understanding of a pupil may be as much exercised and improved by studying more use- 
ful and practical subjects; and the benefits to him will be thereby doubled; for while he 
improves his understanding, he stores his mind with useful knowledge. 

On most subjects of study, knowledge acquired is as the time bestowed. The same time 
spent in studying the most worthless, would have served to gain the same amount of 
knowledge of the most useful. How wise then to bestow our time on the one ! how un- 
wise to waste it on the other ! 



84 

to the laws of health, or the means of securing and preserving the 
human system in its best possible condition, a subject of regular study 
in all our institutions for public instruction. And so general has pub- 
lic sentiment now become in favor of such a study, that nothing but 
a want of suitable text-books has prevented its general introduction 
into our public schools. 

In view of such considerations, it becomes desirable to ascertain 
what degree of attention is paid in any of our academies to physical 
education, considered with special reference to health, or to the best 
possible development of the corporeal or animal functions. The trus- 
tees or teachers of academies are therefore requested to communicate 
in their future reports to the Regents, the information desired on the 
subject above proposed, particularly in as far as it relates to ventilation 
of school-rooms ; corporeal position of scholars in school, and gym-, 
nastic or other exercise out of school, &c. 

The teachers of some academies, while professing to furnish the in- 
formation as above requested, have described the peculiar advantages, 
or facilities for ventilation, which their school-rooms possessed, with- 
out stating the important fact, whether and how they practically avail 
themselves of such advantages or facilities. That it may be seen 
what importance is attached to such matters elsewhere, the following 
extract from the regulations or instructions established for the govern- 
ment of a normal school of distinguished celebrity at Edinburgh, is 
subjoined. 

" Great attention should be given to the ventilation of school-rooms, 
so that on no account, even for a few minutes, their inmates shall 
breathe bad air. The privileges and advantages of ventilation must 
be dwelt on ; the temperature of school-rooms must be attended to ; 
there must be no constrained posture either in standing or sitting ; no 
injury to the spine by want of back support in sitting ; and no con- 
finement for more than an hour at a time without exercise in open air, 
with the benefit of rotary swings and other safe gymnastics ; rooms 
when empty, to be well aired by cross windows ; and such airing to 
be repeated hourly when practicable."* 

These regulations are minute, and may at first view appear unim- 
portant ; but not so, it is believed, after further reflection. The im- 
portance of ventilation, especially, cannot well be overrated. It is a 
subject which has recently attracted much public attention, both in 
this and in other countries, and it is now undergoing a course of in- 
vestigation and discussion, which is expected to lead to the most bene- 
ficial results. 



* In the Albany Female Academy the trustees., some years since, established the 
following regulations on the subject of ventilating their school-rooms, which have 
ever since been strictly enforced, and with the most beneficial results : — " It shall be 
the duty of the steward to see that the whole academy edilice be kept at all times 
ventilated in the best practicable manner, and to secure such ventilation, which the 
trustees consider of the very first importance, it is hereby made the special duty of 
the steward (until a suitable ventilator through the ceiling and roof above the upper 
hall, shall be constructed) to lower or cause to be lowered, alter the exercises of each 
day shall be closed, as well in the winter as in the summer season, an upper sash of 
one or more of the windows in each of the rooms in the academy which shall hava 
been occupied during the day, and to cause the same to be kept so lowered during 



85 

Extent of Study Memoriter, or by Rote. 

To suffer a pupil to learn the demonstration of a mathematical the- 
orem by rote, which is a mere artificial drill on the memory, without 
the exercise of the understanding, would be condemned as absurd. 
On the other hand, to require a pupil, in adding or multiplying num- 
bers in arithmetical operations, to rely on his understanding solely, 
without an aid from artificial memory, in the use of addition or multi- 
plication tables, would be equally absurd. Hence it is plain that some 
subjects of study must be addressed chiefly to the understanding, while 
others require only the aid of memory. To the former class, belong 
all conclusions drawn by reasoning from pre-established premises, 
whether on moral, mathematical, or physical subjects. And of a kin- 
dred, although not of the same character, are all such matters as, be- 
ing connected by certain affinities, may, when once learned in that 
connection, be recalled to mind by h principle of association, which in 
such cases supplies the place of artificial memory. To the other class, 
that of things requiring to be learned by rote, belong all isolated facts 
as well a? ultimate principles. And if, for the purpose of securing a 
more ready command over them, we treat as belonging to the same 
class, many facts not wholly isolated, as well as many principles not 
strictly ultimate, we shall probably find it tend much more to effect 
our object, than to depend for their remembrance in time of need, on 
the uncertain power of recollecting them from their relations to other 
things ; for it will be found that in proportion as such facts and prin- 
ciples have been learned by rote in early life, so will commonly be 
their subserviency to practical purposes in after life. Let any one of 
mature age undertake to estimate the value of having a ready com- 
mand over such facts and principles, and, unless his early education 
shall have been different from the common course, he will regret that 
his store of them is not more abundant ; and if it were possible for 
him to recall and revise what is past, it cannot be doubted, that to 
enlarge that store would be among the first acts of his revision. How 
many matters once well understood in their rationale, but lono- since 
forgotten, he would make the subjects of study by role, reiteratino- 
their impression on his memory for the same reason, if not to the same 
extent, as in early life he did the common addition ami multiplication 
tables, or the common rules in grammar and arithmetic. How indus- 

the summer season for the whole night, except in rainy, or other unsuitable weather 
and in other seasons of the year to cause the same to be kept so lowered for at least 
an hour eacli day, and at all times, when the weather will permit, to keep the upper 
sash of one or more of the windows in the chapel (being an upper room) down both 
night and day, and also to keep, during the day time in the summer season, and 
whenever the weather will permit, in other seasons of the year, the front or outward 
door, opening into the lower hall, open, by fastening the same back, and also to 
keep one of the sashes in the windows of the halls above, either up or down, so as 
to admit of the constant entrance of tresh air." 

It is proper to state in connection with the subject of the above note, that the trus- 
tees of the same academy have established a regulation on another subject which 
they consider of equal importance — that of providing seats with hacks, so that no 
pupils in their academy shall be permitted to sit without suitable back supports. 
The object of such a regulation is too obvious to require explanation, and it is hoped 
that it only requires to be presented to the notice of trustees and teachers to secure 
its adoption in all our academies. 



86 

trious would he be in treasuring up for future use, such matters as the 
specific gravity of bodies, their constituent parts and proportions, with 
other like important truths in chemistry and physics — the leading 
dates and events in history; topographical statistics, with many other 
matters alike important for future reference. Nor would he, in lay- 
ing up such a store of knowledge, fail to include in it some of the 
leading principles of science ; such for example, as the universal law 
of gravity — attraction directly as quantity of matter and inversely as 
the square of distance ; or the law of falling bodies — spaces described 
as the squares of the times ; or the fundamental principle in mechan- 
ics — equality of products from moving power and resisting weight 
multiplied each into its own velocity ; or separately — momentum, as 
quantity of matter multiplied into its velocity ; and such also as the 
important law of fluids — pressure, as depth independent of breadth, 
with resistance to moving bodies as the square of their velocities ; or 
such as the sublime discovery in astronomy — planets all moving in 
elliptical orbits, each describing equal areas in equal times, with the 
squares of their periodic times, as the cubes of their mean distances 
from the sun. How greatly to be desired would be a knowledge of 
such principles always at command ; and yet if we depend for our 
knowledge of them, on having once demonstrated them, how frail 
will be the dependence ! how transient the knowledge ! While on 
the other hand, if such knowledge be artificially impressed on the 
memory, like that of other things learned in early life by rote, how 
lasting it becomes ! The demonstration of the principle may long 
since have been forgotten, but the principle itself will remain. 

From a course of remarks similar to the above, in the last edition 
of these Instructions, it was, as I have been informed, inferred by 
some under whose notice the remarks happened to fall, that the writer 
of them intended to recommend study by rote, in preference to study 
by demonstration j thus exalting the faculty of memory to the de- 
basement of that of the understanding. And it must be admitted 
that from certain unqualified expressions inadvertantly used on that 
occasion, such an inference would seem to be in some measure war- 
ranted. But no such inference was intended or foreseen. The writer 
would hope to be among the last to disparage intelligent study, or to 
enlarge the province of memory by encroaching on that of the un- 
derstanding. The only position intended to be taken by him was 
simply this — that there are many principles, which being once learned 
from demonstration ought to be afterwards inculcated by rote, not 
that they were to be originally learned in that way, but only so in- 
culcated after first being demonstrated in the ordinary way. 

The position thus qualified and explained is still maintained, and 
may, I think, be easily defended. Let us illustrate it by a few prac- 
tical cases. Suppose it be required to compute the superficial areas 
of different figures ; how important to have at command the princi- 
ples on which the computation depends ; such as the area of a paral- 
lelogram being equal to the product of its base into its altitude — of a 
triangle to one-half such product — of a circle to the product of one- 
half its radius into its circumference, and of a sphere to four times 



87 

that product. So if we wish to compare the areas of different figures, 
how desirable to know that the areas of all similar figures are as the 
squares of their corresponding or homologous sides — or if it be re- 
quired to compute the solid contents of bodies, how convenient to be 
able to apply at once the principles of the computation — such as a 
cone being one-third of a cylinder of the same base and altitude — a 
sphere two- thirds of a cylinder circumscribed around it and having 
the same altitude — with innum .'fable other cases of a similar charac- 
ter. Or if we change the field of illustration from geometry to phy- 
sics, we shall find equally striking instances of the same general 
truth ; such for example as the case of a traveller desirous to measure 
the depth of a precipice, on the top of which he stands. How im- 
portant, for that purpose, that he should know without recourse to 
books, that if he throw down a stone it will fall sixteen feet the 
first second, forty-eight the next, and so on — the spaces described 
being always as the squares of the times of descent ; so that if he 
have with him a watch beating seconds, or for want of that, if he 
refer to the beating of his own pulse, in an ordinary state, he can 
ascertain with sufficient accuracy the depth of the precipice to be 
measured. Again, if we are acquainted with the specific gravities of 
different bodies, and have the knowledge so stored in the memory as 
to be always available, how convenient it would be for practical ap- 
plication in estimating the weight of stone, iron, &c. Or to be more 
particular, suppose a traveller wishes to ascertain the height of a 
mountain he is about to ascend. If he has the good fortune to learn 
and retain in memory, the specific gravity of mercury and atmosphe- 
ric air, he will, on comparing them, find the former about 12,000 
times heavier than the latter, from which he will at once infer that 
one inch of mercury is equal in weight to 12,000 inches of air — or 
in other words, that a fall of one inch in his barometer indicates an 
ascent of 12,000 inches, or 1,000 feet up the mountain. 

To illustrate the value of knowledge at command, I will only re- 
fer to one other case, that of ascertaining heights and distances from 
the sphericity of the earth. Every mile of even surface, such as 
that of water, curvates from a straight line eight inches — two miles, 
thirty-two inches — three miles, seventy-two inches, or six feet ; the 
curvation being always as the square of the distance. Hence if we 
are acquainted with the simple principle here stated, we may measure 
heights by distances, and distances by heights, with only one of them 
given or ascertained ; and if our knowledge of the principle be al- 
ways at command, how convenient it would be for practical use when 
a ship at sea first discovers the top of a mountain, light-house, or 
other object of known elevation ; for by knowing its elevation, its 
distance may be at once ascertained ; so if the distance be known the 
elevation of the mountain may be in the like manner ascertained. 

The principle involved in all the cases referred to in the preceding 
remarks, in defence of the position there assumed, ought, I admit, to 
be demonstrated, so far as it may be demonstrable, by every student, 
on his first undertaking to learn it ; and he should be kept to the 
demonstration until he fully comprehends it. But after that be done, 



I hold, and have in the preceding remarks endeavored to show, that 
the principle itself without the demonstration should be inculcated 
on the memory in the same manner as if it were to be learned only 
by rote. Demonstrations in their best form are too complex, and 
in their common form too artificial to be long retained in memory ; 
but principles, abstracted from their demonstrations, and txpressed 
with suitable concentration of thought and language, are not more 
difficult to be learned and retained by rote, than most other things 
which it is common to learn and retain in that way. Take for ex- 
ample the principle involved in one of the cases above referred to, 
that of measuring heights and distances from the sphericity of the 
earth. The demonstration of the principle would occupy considera- 
ble time, and require much thought, but the principle itself may be 
concentrated almost to a point, such as — the surface of the earth cur- 
vutes from any given point, according to the square of the distance, 
being for a single mile eight inches. The demonstration of such a 
principle, it would be difficult for most persons to retain long in me- 
mory, but the principle itself being once learned by rote, nothing 
would be easier than to retain it ; it would indeed remain of itself, 
like every thing else which becomes habitual or involuntary. 

The chief object of the preceding remarks is to present for the con- 
sideration of academic teachers, what is thought to be an impor- 
tant subject, and to invite them in their future reports, to commu- 
nicate as mere matter of fact, how far the mode of instruction pur- 
sued by them is in accordance with the principles involved in those 
remarks.* 

* The writer of these instructions intended at first to present, for the consideration of 
academic teachers another subject — that of composition, considered as a scholastic exer- 
cise; but having already reached, if not gone beyond, the limits prescriibed to him, he is 
prevented from executing- his first intention. He can not, however, forbear to present, in 
the most unpretending- form, that of an appendix note> a few brief suggestions on the sub- 
ject above referred to. 

Composition is an exercise requiring two different operations of the mind — originating 
or carrying on a train of thought, and expressing it in language. How intimately these 
operations are connected, and how wonderfully they act and re -act on each other, it is not 
here proposed to inquire; all I propose now to do, is to offer a few remarks on compo- 
sition, considered in reference merely to language. 

Language, in whatever point of light it may be considered, resolves itself ultimately 
into the use of outward signs for expressing inward thought or feeling ; words being nothing 
but signs, and their meaning the things signified. In reading printed,or hearing spoken lan- 
guage, which is more or less the daily occupation of almost every person, we are con- 
stantly passing from the sign to the thing signified— from words to their meaning; and 
hence we become so familiar with their connection in that order where the sign is first 
presented, and the mind always passes from that to the thing signified— that we are never 
embarrassed in the ordinary exercise of reading written, or hearing spoken language. 
A man of common education will read a common English book a whole day, without be- 
in"- ata loss for the meaning of a single word in it. The reason undoubtedly is, that du- 
ring his early education it was his daily pr.ctice to learn, and in after life to apply 
words and their meaning in the order in which they are always presented in read- 
in<r. But how immeasurably different with the same man (supposing him to be of the or- 
dinary class,) is the same exercise when reversed — that is, when he is required to pass 
from the thing signified to the sign. — from thought to language or expression — which con- 
stitutes the whole exercise of composition, as we are now considering it. He hesitates — 
is embarrassed — and at a loss every step he takes ; not because he is ignorant of 
the meanin"- of words, or of their connection, considered as signs, with thought, as the 
thin"' sisrnified ; but because he is not familiar with that connection presented in that or- 
der, S where the'idea or thing signified, comes first, and the word or sign of it, last. Only 
give him the sign first, and he passes instantly to the thing signified, because he is daily 
accustomed to such an operation — to seeing words or hearing sounds, and connecting 
them with their appropriate meaning. 

To show how much depends on the order in which we are acustomed to learn things 



we have only to refer to our knowledge of the common alphabet, where we shall had 
every thing depending- on the order in which its letters have been learned. If we repeat 
them in their accustomed order we run through them with the greatest case and rapidity; 
but on reversing that order and attempting to repeat the letters backwards, we meet with the 
greatest embarrassment; and yet there is nothing in the nature of the letters, making them 
easier to learn or repeat in one order than in another. Each order is in itself arbitrary— for if 
we make ourselves as familiar with the letters in their reversed as in their direct order, 
we find it as easy to say them backwards as forwards. And so it is with language, if we 
can make ourselves as familiar with the connection between words and ideas, in the re- 
versed as in the direct order, we shall find as little difficulty in passing from one to the 
other, in one order as another. 

Since then, so much depends on the order in which we are accustomed to consider 
words and ideas, it would seem to be reasonable to conclude that in proportion as we be- 
come familiar with that order, as it always occurs in composition, will be our facility in 
composing — and that if we can become as familiar with the ,exercise of composing for 
ourselves, as we are with reading what is composed by others, we may (having reference 
only to language) perform one operation as easily as the other. Assuming such a conclu- 
sion to be well founded, how can we best accomplish so desirable an object— that making 
ourselves as familiar with composition as with reading;? Shall we require more fre- 
quent exercises in composition, in which the student is always first required to find ideas, 
and then signs or words to express them ? That would tend directly to accomplish the 
object; and where there is no want of ideas, and no reluctance to undertake the written 
expression of them, no better means of accomplishment can be used. But are such 
means ordinarily the best that can be applied ? The youthful mind is commonly more 
reluctant to engage in exercises of composition, than in any thing else required to be 
done. And why is it so ? They who have no want of ideas, and know how to express 
them, feel no such reluctance. On the contrary, they are often ambitious to give body 
and form to their conceptions, either in written or spoken language. The reluctance then 
must proceed either from paucity of ideas, or inability to express tl em — from want of 
thought or ignorance of language, or from both causes combined. The latter is proba- 
bly the most common source of the reluctance, and we shall accordingly so consider it. 
The question then arises, what are the best means of supplying such defect or want of 
thought, and of imparting the requisite knowledge of language ? Without undertaking 
to enumerate all the means that may be used for such a purpose, I will only here specify 
two of them— translation from a dead or foreign language into our own — an analysis of 
English text boofcs. These I consider to be the most leading and important means, not 
only to remove the reluctance above noticed, and thereby to gain indirectly the principal end 
above proposed, but also to subserve that end directly. This may, I think, be shown by 
the following summary views, which might be grealy amplified if time and space would 
permit. 

In translating from another into our own language, the first step in the process is to find 
out the thought or idea to be translated. When that is done, the next step is, or at least should 
be, to find Eng !ish words best fitted, and to collate or arrange them in the order best cal- 
culated to express the translated idea, according to the true spirit or idiom of the English 
language. Here then, we have an operation directly the reverse of that which occurs in 
reading from our own language. Instead of passing from words to ideas,— from the sign 
to the thing signified, which is all that we do in reading,— we do, in the exercise or 
act of translation, necessarily pass from ideas to words, — from the thing signified to the 
sign, thus becoming as familiar with their connection, when viewed in the reversed, as we 
were before in the direct order. Now such a reversed view is what is always required to 
be taken in every exercise in compostion ; and in proportion to our familiarity with such 
a view, wiil be our facility in composing. In short, to sum up the whole matter in the 
fewest words possible, translation from one language into another is, in respect to its influ- 
ence on the power of expressing thought in the language to which it is converted, a con- 
tinued process of composition in the latter language. It is not merely equivalent to such 
a process, but is such a process itself. Here then probably lies the chief, or one of the 
chief benefits derivable from the study of the Latin and Greek languages. They furnish 
the most abundant and variegated store of ideas; and at the same time the collocation of 
their words is so radically different from ours, that the translation of them into our own 
language, serves the purpose of improvement in English composition, in the same man- 
ner and to the same extent, as the exercise of clothing and expressing an original idea in 
its appropriate English language. 

In view of this latter source of benefit from the study of the Latin and Greek, what are 
we to think of the practice, tolerated, if not encouraged in some our academies, of al- 
lowing students in those languages to consult ad libitum, translations of the books read by 
them ? What else can we think of it, than that it tends to defeat one of the chief and 
most rational objects that can be proposed in such a study — that of improving the in- 
ventive faculty in the expression of thought ? How much less irrational is it, than to 
give to a student a subject for his exercise in composition, and then to write it out for 
him? What is it, in short, but giving him at once both a sign and the thing signified, without 
requiring or allowing any exercise of his own faculties 1 But although we might greatly 
enlarge on this topic, our limits, both in time and space, forbid its further prosecution. 
We have only room to add a very few remarks on the exercise of analyzing text books. 

The analysis of English text books may be so conducted, as to subserve the purposes 
of improvement in English composition, in much the same manner and for the same rea- 
sons, as translation from a foreign language into our own. The text book furnishes a 

12 



90 



train of thought, expressed in language more or less peculiar to each author, and if the 
student be required to express the same thonght in his own language, to borrow only the 
author's ideas, but not his words, he will necessarily exercise his mind in finding signs or 
words for ideas— that is, in passing from the thing signified to the sign, in much the same 
manner as if he was translating a foreign into his native langaage, or clothing an original 
idea in its appropriate words. If such be a correct view of the case, how much to be 
condemned must that practice or mode of instruction be, which allows a student, in ana- 
lyzing a text book to use in all cases the language of its author, or which does not admo- 

'nish him nf Ilia *rrnp wtion "h<» Hnoo on tic a it 



nish him of his error when he does so use it. 



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SUMMARY. 

Of the Academies incorporated by the Regents of 
the University to the 1st of June, 1845, (94 in 
number,) 

2 Hamilton Oneida Academy and Geneva Academy have been 
merged in Colleges, (Hamilton College and Geneva College.) 

8 Are extinct. Union Academy at Stone Arabia, Otsego Academy, 
Columbia Academy at Kinderhook, Catskill Academy, Ballston 
Academy, Washington Academy at Warwick, Orange county, 
Blooming-grove Academy and Monroe Academy. 

10 

Of the remaining 84, 
7 Did not report in 1845 : The Academy at Little Falls, Delancey 
Institute, Jefferson Academy, Oneida Institute of Science and In- 
dustry,* Oysterbay Academy, Piermont Academy, Schenectady 
Academy. 

3 Have been incorporated since the date of the last annual report 
of the Regents : Whitestown Seminary, Genesee and Wyoming 
Seminary, and Cary Collegiate Seminary. 

74 Reported in 1845. 

84 

Of the academies incorporated by the Legislature, including the 
New-York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, the Grammar School 
of Columbia College, and the Grammar School of the University of 
the City of New-York, 157 in number, ninety-one have been received 
under the visitation of the Regents. 

Again, of these, Rochester High School has been merged in the 
Rochester Collegiate Institute, leaving 90 ; of these. 
18 did not report in 1845 : Poughkeepsie Classical School, Red- 
hook Academy, Sullivan County Academy, White Plains Academy, 
Clermont Academy, Coxsackie Academy, Schenectady Young La- 
dies' Seminary, Essex Connty Academy, Fort Covington Academy, 
Bridgewater Academy, De Ruyter Institute, Steuben Academy, 
Palmyra High School, Yates County Academy and Female Semi- 
uary, Alexander Classical School,* Batavia Female Academy, 
Gaines Academy, Seward Female Seminary of Rochester. 
72 Reported in 1845. 

90 

• The Oneida Institute of Science and Industry may be considered as extinct by the in- 
corporation of the Whitestown Semiuary. 

* Alexander Classical School became extinct by the incorporation of the Genesee and 
Wyoming Seminary. 



105 



The number of Academies subject to the visitation of the Regents, 

as reported to the Legislature on the 1st of March, 1845, was.. 171 

Incorporated since the 1st of March, , . . . 3 



174 



Total number of Academies under the Regents on the 1st of 
June, 174. 

If these Academies be arranged according to the counties in which 
they are situated, the numbers will be as follows : 

Clinton, 3 

Essex, 2 

Franklin, 2 

St. Lawrence, 4 

Herkimer, 3 



First District. 

New-York, 4 

Richmond, - 

Kinsrs, 1 



Second District. 

Queens, 4 

Suffolk, 1 

Westchester, 4 

Rockland, 1 



Putnam, - 

Dutchess, 6 

Orange, 7 

Sullivan, 1 

Ulster, 2 

26 

(of whom 6 did not report in 1845.) 

Third District. 

Albany, 5 

Delaware, 2 

Greene, 2 

Columbia, 4 

Rensselaer, 5 

Schoharie, 2 

Schenectady, 3 



(of whom 5 did not report.) 



23 



Fourth District. 

Saratoga, 4 

Montgomery, 3 

Hamilton, - 

Fulton, 2 

Washington, 5 

Warren, ] 



29 



14 



(of whom 3 did not report.) 

Fifth District. 

Oneida, 14 

Madison, 3 

Oswego, 2 

Lewis, 1 

Jefferson, 2 

Otsego, 3 

25 
(of whom 5 did not report, and 
1 has since been incorporated.) 

Sixth District. 

Chenango, 4 

Broome, 1 

Tompkins, 2 

Chemung, 1 

Tioga, 1 

Steuben, 1 

Livingston, 3 

Allegany, 2 

Cattaraugus, - 

15 

Seventh District. 

Wayne, 3 

Ontario, 3 

Yates, 1 

Seneca, 3 

Cayuga, 4 



106 



Onondaga, 7 

Cortland, 2 



(of whom 2 did not report.) 



23 



Eighth District. 

Chautauque, 4 

Erie, 3 



Genesee, 6 

Wyoming, 2 

Monroe, 7 

Orleans, < 5 

Niagara, 1 



28 
(of whom 4 did not report and 
2 have since been incorporated.) 



Summary. 



1st District, 5 

2d District, 26 

3d District, 23 

4th District, 29 

5th District, 25 



6th District, 15 

7th District, 23 

8th District, 28 



174 



It thus appears that there is at least one incorporated Academy un- 
der the visitation of the Regents in each county in the State, except 
Richmond, Putnam, Hamilton and Cattaraugus. 



4. CATALOGUE 

Of the Regents of the University of the State of New- York, from 
the establishment of the University. 

Governors of the State, ex-officio. . 

JS&SSS NAMES. 

1787 George Clinton, 1^95 

1795 John Jay, ™] 

1801 George Clinton, iyu4 

1804 Morgan Lewis, I 807 

1807 Daniel D. Tompkins, 1817 

1817 De Witt Clinton, 1822 

1823 Joseph C. Yates, 1824 

1825 De Witt Clinton, l828 

1829 Martin Van Buren, I 830 

1831 Enos T. Throop, 

1833 W r illiam L. Marcy, 1838 

1839 William H. Seward, 1S42 

1843 William C. Bouck, 1S44 

1845 Silas Wright, 

Lieutenant Governors, ex-officio. 

1787 Pierre Van Cortlandt, 1795 

1795 Stephen Van Rensselaer, 1 8 01 

1801 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, 1 8 04 

1804 John Broome, 

1812 De Witt Clinton, l814 

1814 JohnTayler, l822 

1823 Erastus Root, 1824 

1825 James Tallmadge, 

1827 Nathaniel Pitcher, l82S 

1829 Enos T. Throop, 

1831 Edward P. Livingston, 1832 

1833 John Tracy, 1838 

1839 Luther Bradish, I 842 

1843 Daniel S. Dickinson, 1844 

1845 Addison Gardiner, 

Secretaries of State, ex-officio* 

1842 Samuel Young, l845 

1845 Nathaniel S. Benton, 

• By virtue of an act, passed April 8, 1842. 



Date of Election 




or appointment. 




1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


> Apr. 


13. 


1787 


> Apr. 


13. 


1787 


> Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


i Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


> Apr. 


13. 


1787 


> Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


, Apr. 


13. 


1787 


Apr. 


13. 


1787 


Apr. 


13. 


1787 


Apr. 


13. 


1790 


Mar. 


30. 


1791 


Jan. 


15. 


1795 


Jan. 


28. 


1796 


Feb. 


18. 


1797 


Jan. 


11. 


1797 


Feb. 


28. 


1798 


Mar. 


13. 


1800 


, Feb. 


3. 


1802 


Feb. 


1. 


1802 


, Feb. 


15. 


1802 


Feb. 


18. 


1805 


, Jan. 


28. 


1805 


Jan. 


28. 


1807 


Feb. 


11. 


1808 


Feb. 


14. 


1808 


, Feb. 


14. 


1808 


Feb. 


14. 


1809 


Jan. 


31. 


1812 


Feb. 


28. 


1812 


Feb. 


28. 


1813 


, Mar. 


3. 


1813 


Mar. 


3. 


1816 


, Mar, 


4. 


1817 


Jan. 


28. 


1817 


, Jan. 


28. 


1817 


, Jan. 


28. 


1817 


> Jan. 


28. 


1819 


Mar. 


16. 


1820 


Feb. 


1. 


1822, 


Feb. 


7. 



108 



NAMES- Exitus 

John Rogers, D. D.,. . died 1811 

Egbert Benson, LL. D., resigned 1802 

Philip Schuyler, died 1804 

Ezra L'Hommedieu, died 1811? 

Nathan Kerr, died 1804? 

Peter Sylvester, died 1808? 

John Jay, LL. D., resigned 1790 

Dirck Romeyn, D. D., resigned 1796 

James Livingston, resigned 1797 

Ebenezer Russell, resigned 1813 

Lewis Morris, died 1798? 

Matthew Clarkson, died 1825 

Benjamin Moore, D. D., resigned 1792 

Eilardus Westerlo, D. D died 1790 

Andrew King, died 1815 

William Linn, D. D. , died 1808 

Jonathan G. Tompkins, resigned 1808 

John McDonald,. resigned 1796 

Frederick Wm. Baron De Steuben, died 1794 

Gulian Verplanck, died 1800 

Zephaniah Piatt, died 1807 

James Watson, died 1806 

James Cochran, resigned 1819 

Abraham Van Vechten, LL. D. resigned 1823 

Thomas Ellison, died 1802 

Simeon De Witt, died 1834 

James Kent, LL. D vacated 1816 

John Tayler, died 1829 

Henry Rutgers, resigned 1826 

Charles Selden, vacated 1816 

Ambrose Spencer, LL. D vacated 1816 

Lucas Elmendorf, vacated 1822 

Elisha Jenkins, 

De Witt Clinton, LL. D. resigned 1825 

Peter Gansevoort, died 1812 

Alexander Sheldon, vacated 1816 

Nathan Smith, * vacated 1822 

Joseph C. Yates, . vacated 1833 

Solomon Southwick, resigned 1823 

Smith Thompson, LL. D resigned 1819 

John Wood worth, .resigned 1822 

Martin Van Buren, LL. D. . . . .resigned 1829 

John Lansing, Jun. LL. D. .died 1828 

John De Witt, D. D. . resigned 1823 

Samuel Young, resigned 1835 

Nathan Williams, vacated 1824 

Stephen Van Rensselaer, LL. D. . ..died 1839 

William A. Duer, LL. D. vacated 1S24 

James Thompson, ............ 



109 



Date of election 
or appointment. 


1822 


Feb. 


7. 


1823 


, Feb. 


14. 


1823 


, Feb. 


14. 


1823 


Feb. 


14. 


1823 


j^pril 


9. 


1824 


, Feb. 


13. 


1824 


Feb. 


13. 


1825 


, Jan. 


12. 


1826 


Jan. 


26. 


1826 


Jan. 


26. 


1827 


Feb. 


20. 


1829 


Feb. 


14. 


1829 


Mar. 


31. 


1829 


Mar. 


31. 


1829. 


Mar. 


31. 


1830 
1830 


April 
April 


2. 
2. 


1831 


Mar. 


23. 


1832 


Feb. 


6. 


1833 


Feb. 


5. 


1833 


Feb. 


5. 


1833 
1834 
1S34. 
1835! 


April 
April 
April 
Jan. 


4. 
17. 
17. 

20. 


1835 
1835 
1839. 


April 

May 

Feb. 


8. 

9. 

18. 


1840. 


Feb. 


28. 


1842. 


Feb. 


1. 


1842 


Mar. 


24. 


1844. 
1844! 
1845. 


May 
May 
Feb. 


4. 
4. 
3. 


1845. 


Feb. 


3. 


1845. 


May 


19. 



NAMES. Exitus 

Harmanus Bleecker, resigned 1834 

Samuel A. Talcott, resigned 1829 

James King, c .died 1841 

Peter Wendell, M. D 

William L. Marcy, LL. D vacated 1829 

Peter B. Porter, resigned 1830 

Robert Troup, resigned 1827 

John Greig, 

Jesse Buel, died 1839 

Gulian C. Verplanck, LL. D 

Edward P. Livingston, resigned 1831 

Benjamin F. Butler, LL. D. .. .resigned 1832 

Gerrit Y. Lansing, 

John K. Paige, . 

John Suydam, died 1835 

John P. Cushman, resigned 1834 

John Tracy, resigned 1833 

John A. Dix, 

John L. Vielie, died 1832 

William Campbell, died 1844 

Erastus Corning, 

Prosper M. Wetmore, 

James McKown, 

John Lorimer Graham, 

Amasa J. Parker, resigned 1844 

John McLean, 

Washington Irving, LL. D. . . .resigned 1842 

Joseph Russell, resigned 1844 

John C. Spencer, LL. D vacated 1844 

Gideon Hawley, LL. D 

David Buel, 

James S. Wadsworth, 

John V. L. Pruyn, 

William C. Bouck, 

Martin Van Buren, LL. D resigned 1845 

Jabez D. Hammond, 



Officers of the Board of Regents. 



Date of appointments. 

1787, July 17. 



1796, Jan. 
1802, Feb. 
1805, Feb. 
1808, Feb. 
1817, Feb. 
1829, Mar. 



20. 
15. 

4. 

8. 

3. 
24. 



CHANCELLORS OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

Exitus 

George Clinton, 1796 

John Jay, 1802 

George Clinton, 1805 

Morgan Lewis, 1808 

Daniel D. Tompkins, 1817 

John Tayler, 1829 

Simeon De Witt, 1834 



110 

Date of appointment. Exitus 

1835, Jan. 8. Stephen Van Rensselaer, 1839 

1839, Feb. 12. James King, 1841 

1842, Jan. 13. Peter Wendell, 

VICE-CHANCELLORS. 

1787, July 17. John Jay, 1790 

1790, Mar. 31. John Rogers, D. D 1808 

1808, Feb. 8. John Rogers, D. D. (re-appointed,) 1811 

1814, Mar. 14. John Tayler, 1817 

1817, Feb. 3. Simeon De Witt, 1829 

1829, Mar. 24. Elisha Jenkins, 1842 

1842, Jan. 13. Luther Bradish, 1843 

1843, Jan. 12. Daniel S. Dickinson, 1845 

1845, Jan. 9. John Greig, 

SECRETARIES. 

1787, July 17. Richard Harrison, 1790 

1790, April 7. Nathaniel Lawrence, 1794 

1794, Jan. 21. De Witt Clinton, 1797 

1797, Jan. 23. David S. Jones, 1798 

1798, Mar. 19. Francis Bloodgood, 1814 

1814, Mar. 25. Gideon Hawley, 1841 

1841, May 25. T. Romeyn Beck, 



REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, 



JUNE, 1845. 





The GOVERNOR, ex-officio. 




The LIEUT 


. GOVERNOR, ex-officio. 




The SECRETARY OF STATE, ex-officio 


1807, 


February 


11. 


ELISHA JENKINS. 


1822, 


February 


7. 


JAMES THOMPSON. 


1823, 


February 


14, 


PETER WENDELL, M. D. 


1825, 


January 


12 


JOHN GREIG. 


1826, 


January 


26 


, GULIAN C. VERPLANCK 


1829, 


March 


31. 


GERRIT Y. LANSING. 


1829, 


March 


31 


JOHN K. PAIGE. 


1831, 


March 


23 


, JOHN A. DIX. 


1833, 


March 


23 


ERASTUS CORNING. 


1833, 


April 


4 


, PROSPER M. WETMORE 


1834, 


April 


17 


, JAMES McKOWN. 


1834, 


April 


17 


, JOHN L. GRAHAM. 


1835, 


April 


8 


, JOHN McLEAN. 


1842, 


February 


1 


GIDEON HAWLEY. 


1842, 


March 


24 


, DAVID BUEL. 


1844, 


May 


4 


JAMES S. WADSWORTH. 


1844, 


May 


4. 


JOHN V. L. PRUYN. 


1845, 


February 


3 


WILLIAM C. BOUCK. 


1845, 


May 


10. 


JABEZ D. HAMMOND. 



OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. 

PETER WENDELL, Chancellor. 
JOHN GREIG, Vice-Chancellor. 
T. ROMEYN BECK, Secretary. 



MEETINGS OF THE REGENTS. 



The meetings of the Regents are held during the session of the 
Legislature, as often as the nature of the business before them de- 
mands. They adjourn from week to week. 

It is, therefore, recommended to Academies to make all their com- 
munications in due season. Applications for money to purchase 
books and apparatus should be sent in, on or before the middle of 
February, and for all other purposes, before the middle of April. 
The Board usually adjourns about the 1st of May. During the pre- 
sent year, the session was continued until June, but this was in con- 
sequence of new trusts committed to them by the Legislature. 

A meeting of the Board is regularly held at some time during the 
month of October in each year. Notice of the exact period is given 
in the State paper (as required by law,) for ten days previous. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 289 217 8 



4 



